Ethnic Unbonding in South Africa Essay

Manuel Castells notion of ‘ethnic unbonding’ refers to: the gradual withdrawal certain African-Americans are undergoing, so that they no longer are a member of their initial ethnic group. ‘Ethnic unbonding’ is a process where individuals remove themselves from their ethnic groups, because they are either ashamed or humiliated to be associated as part of a stigmatized ethnic identity. â€Å"So, race matters a lot. But, at the same time, the class divide among blacks has created such fundamentally different living conditions that there is growing hostility among the poor against those former brothers that left them out. Most middle-class blacks strive to get ahead not only from the reality of the ghetto, but from the stigma that echoes from the dying ghetto project on them through their skin. They do so particularly, by insulating their children from the poor black communities (moving to suburbs, integrating them into white-dominated private schools), while, at the same time, reinventing an African-American identity that revives the themes of the past, African or American, while keeping silent on the plight of the present† Castell, M p.57. Manuel Castell raises cognizance to the fact that black South Africans are gradually disassociating themselves from their original ethnic identities. (‘Black South Africans’ refers to the non-white individuals of South Africa, those who were disadvantaged and traduced in the homelands during the Apartheid regime). These ethnic unbonding patterns were first noticed among African-Americans and now South Africans too are gradually adopting them. Citizens split from their ethnic groups to mainly better their lives, since being a part of a stigmatized ethnic group cannot ensure a successful and pleasant lifestyle. Parents want a better life for the children and they find that to live a better quality lifestyle one needs to firstly get an education. So they get a good education and become a success in life only to put their stigmatized ethnic background behind them, to avoid risking the loss of their achievements. Ethnic performances are rarely practised and individuals lose sight of where they come from. â€Å"In the last two decades, geographers have become extremely interested in the issue of ethnicity. Ethnic groups are found in essentially all societies. Ethnic groups are populations that feel a common bond and have a sense of common origin that distinguishes them from other groups. Religion, language, national origin, and skin colour are all used to various degrees by ethnic groups to distinguish themselves from others. It is estimated that the 200 or so independent countries recognized by the United Nations are made up of about 5000 ethnic groups. Increased migration of people in the last 200 years has produced a complex pattern of ethnic groups. Essentially, ethnicity is a spatial concept. Ethnic groups are associated with clearly recognized territories, either some large homeland district or some smaller urban or rural enclaves in which they are the primary or exclusive occupant. In addition, they have somehow marked these places with certain distinguished cultural signs. † (http://teacherweb. ftl. pinecrest. edu/snyderd/APHG/Unit%203/culturenotes. htm). Ethnicity is socially important. It gives certain individuals a feeling of belonging and prevents one from feeling isolated and alone. It contributes immensely to one’s core identity, focusing mostly on the construction of one’s personal identity, and in turn having an effect on the type of person an individual turns out to be in the future. It forms the basis of an individual’s structure and agency. Ethnicity also promotes national strength which can be built from the diverse cultural resources present in South Africa. It brings together a national identity. ‘Afrikaners historically considered themselves the only true South Africans and, while granting full citizenship to all residents of European descent, denied that status to people of colour until the democratic transition of 1994. British South Africans retain a sense of cultural and social connection to Great Britain without weakening their identity as South Africans. A similar concept of primary local and secondary ancestral identity is prevalent among people of Indian descent. The Bantu-speaking black peoples have long regarded themselves as South African despite the attempts of the white authorities to classify them as less than full citizens or as citizens of ethnic homelands (â€Å"Bantustans†) between 1959 and 1991. Strong cultural loyalties to African languages and local political structures such as the kingdom and the chieftaincy remain an important component of identity. National identity comes first for all black people, but belonging to an ethnic, linguistic, and regional grouping and even to an ancestral clan has an important secondary status. (http://www. everyculture. com/Sa-Th/South-Africa. html). As a result of years of racial separation and discrimination, the majority of South African citizens of which are black, have been severely ill-treated based on the colour of their skin. â€Å"A race is a population that shares visible physical characteristics from inbreeding and that thinks of itself or is thought of by outsiders as distinct. It has been used by societies to justify poor treatment of minority groups† ( http://www. sociologyguide. com/questions/ethnicity. php). For decades black people have been slandered and stereotyped by the white superior citizens, to be uncultured individuals. White people were entirely prejudiced against the black people. ‘Prejudice is a judgment based on group membership or social status. Prejudice may be formed through both individual and group influences including socialization, rationalizing through stereotypes, the scapegoating process, reinforcement of a self-fulfilling prophecy ramification of an authoritarian personality and degree of contact with minority groups.’ http://www. sociologyguide. com/questions/ethnicity. php. How black ethnic groups emerged? Being ethnic is relating to or a characteristic of a sizable group of people sharing a common and distinctive racial, national, religious, linguistic or cultural heritage. (http://www. thefreedictionary. com. ) Just like the trends in America, black citizens of South Africa formed groups based on commonalities. These people shared hardships and sufferings, as a result of being excluded from having any opportunities and privileges, by the white superiorities. The white citizens undermined the black citizens for centuries and thus blacks were forced to form close relationships with one another based on the fact that they had common deprivations. ‘Bantustans’ were formed in South Africa and these areas were wastelands of hardship. Residents of these areas were forced to deal with struggle and poverty thus leading to an increase in crime rate. People did what they could to survive. Stealing, drug dealing etc. all the forms of violence and corruption exploded from these areas. Put a group of homeless and poor people together and what do you get? Chaos. White people were aware of the disorder in the homelands and ever since then stereotypes were given to black people. What provoked ethnic unbonding? Ethnic unbonding is when individuals from an ethnic group break away from their core cultural identity and instead pursue an identity of their own. Individuals mainly do this to improve their standards of living. The stigmas attached to certain ethnic groups are undesirable and individuals are afraid of being part of these unpleasant stereotypes. Certain groups especially ethnic groups have harsh associations linked to them and for these people to improve their quality of life they need to detach themselves from their ethnic groups. The negativity one receives from being part of a stigmatized ethnic group for some is too much to handle. People want to be freed from the harmful judgements of the past, and thus completely detaching themselves from their core ethnic identity is the best way out. ‘’Race and ethnicity are central – to America, as to other societies’ dynamics – their manifestations seem to be deeply altered by current social trends. ’’ (Castells, 1997: 53). Globalisation affects people’s choices on being or not being part of an ethnic group. Westernization transforms certain cultures and moulds them into a more modernized culture, with less practices and more simplicity. Cultural identity is a victim of globalization. Culture is being altered so much by globalization and media effects that soon the culture will transform into something completely different. According to Tomlinson, J. p. 23 states that â€Å"it is fair to say that the impact of globalization in the cultural sphere has, most generally, been viewed in a pessimistic light. Typically, it has been associated with the destruction of cultural identities, victims of the accelerating encroachment of a homogenized, westernized, consumer culture. † Conclusion Ethnic unbonding is inevitable. Every single individual wants a decent lifestyle and a decent life is one with no racial, gender or ethnic inequalities. Ethnic unbonding will continue to take place in South Africa as well as the rest of the world, because the desire for one to have an improved standard of living exceeds the desire to want to belong to an ethnic area. Castells concept of ethnic unbonding is a notion unknowingly practiced amongst the people of South Africa. Castell believes that individuals belonging to certain ethnic groups are developing boundaries within themselves. However, I think that people can still live a better life and yet maintain a part of their ethnicity. Lifestyles can be adjusted so that some form of their religion and culture is integrated into their everyday life and not forgotten. Future generations might be at risk of never knowing exactly where they come from, and being clueless about their ethnic and cultural heritage. 1. Castells, Manuel. 1997. The power of identity. Cambridge, MA. Blackwell, 52-59 2. Tomlinson, John. Globalization and cultural identity http://www. polity. co. uk/global/pdf/gtreader2etomlinson. pdf(12September 2011) 3. Definitions of race, prejudice and discrimination: http://www. sociologyguide. com/questions/ethnicity. php (12September 2011) 4. Countries and their Culture – South Africa http://www. everyculture. com/Sa-Th/South-Africa. html (12September 2011) 5. THE GLOBALIZATION OF CULTURE, AND THE GEOGRAPHY OF INEQUALITY: RACE, ETHNICITY & GENDER http://teacherweb. ftl. pinecrest. edu/snyderd/APHG/Unit%203/culturenotes. htm (12September 2011) 6. Definition of Ethnic: http://www. thefreedictionary. com (12September 2011).

Ethical and Cultural Implications in the U.S. Supermarket Industry Essay

The supermarket industry in the U. S. is currently facing many challenges in ethics and culture. The industry not only consists of traditional grocers but other different types of retailers, like Wal-Mart and Target, that are attempting to make profits from the food industry. An estimation of the amount that consumers spend on food annually is $500 billion. The traditional supermarkets are losing their market shares because of supercenters like Wal-Mart, Costco, Sam’s Club and Dollar stores. In 2001, Wal-Mart became the largest seller of food. The supermarket industry is facing many challenges in attracting shoppers that are attracted to the lower prices offered at the larger supercenters. Approaches that supermarkets may focus on to attract more of the market share include offering organic foods, friendlier â€Å"neighborhood market† service, fully-prepared or semi-prepared foods, cultural and ethnic foods, friendly, helpful employees and service, technological advancements, digital signs, self-check-outs, and mobile terminals for employees making their services more available to customers. While the larger supercenters are providing much competition, it will force the supermarket industry to make the necessary changes that will attract customers who prefer friendlier service, quality foods, prepared foods, and quality service due to more advanced technology. Over time, the American consumer will be attracted to a food industry that caters to quality of product and service, rather than the supercenters that provide products at discounted prices and offer a lower quality of service and product. This paper addresses the ethical and cultural dilemmas facing the supermarket industry, and how it can make changes to ensure that both consumers and companies are ethical and culturally sensitive to the changing industry.

What can you learn from this source about attitudes to women in Britain in 1914?

Source A basically reveals that women should pressurise their husbands/sons to fight in the war. Women should support men in their war and encourage them to volunteer/enlist to fight in the war even if they don't want to. The Government are dependant on the women to get as many soldiers as possible to fight in this hostile war and this might help in getting the role of women in society to improve for the better. The main purpose of this source is to get more men into war by manipulating peoples mind through propaganda, censorship, morale, patriotism, and Jingoism. Its one of the ways the Government tried to cope with the war-effect. In title of the source to the ‘YOUNG WOMEN OF LONDON' they have used bold, capital letters to emphasize that this source is directed at all the women in particular. In the first section it's tying to say that if your son isn't in military uniform, don't you think he should be (at the women)? They tried to show this by using a direct method of grabbing attention. The words YOU and THINK are in bold capital and underlined letters because to stress the point of recruiting more men into war by persuading their partner/women to make them go. It's like the government is pleading for recruitment. In the second that are trying to say that if he can't be bothered to fight for beloved country and doesn't think it is worthy is he really worthy of being a son or husband who will be needed in later life. If he doesn't possesses the characteristics of being: strong, brave, willing, courageous and patriotic then he really can't be called a man. The word worthy is underlined and in bold capital letters to get this point across. Thirdly in the next point it is trying to say you shouldn't feel sorry for lonely girls/wives because their husbands or sons are doing their rightful and lawful duty of fighting for their darling country. Also it is referring to the women as YOU which is in bold and underlined to tell them that their men are fighting for them and are repaying back their love for them. Being lonely for the women is actually better because they have a commanding role of running the family back home. In the provenance it is basically if he doesn't fight for his country (monarchy) then the women will also be neglected and left. If they don't car about their country which gives them everything and how will they care about you. I think that the provenance is propaganda which is used to persuade and influence the minds of women. Finally it says ‘join the army TODAY' which is saying that that women should convince the men so quickly that they instantly join the army. In conclusion I think that the attitudes to women in Britain in 1914 wasn't much better as they were only were dependant by the Government in recruiting more men to war. Some women might not want to send their husbands to war and were forced as other families did and if they didn't; their family reputation would be diminished. Others might argue that the attitudes changed because they had more family responsibilities and ran the house by paying the taxes, bills and working in factory. Also they might say that they have been treated well as women and have become more dependant and useful. Q3 Study Source C This Poster produced in 1915 I think that this poster is produced in 1915 because it has been one year in to the war and as Britain is coping with the war effects its wants more recruitment. The source is basically about women doing their bit for the war and they are getting themselves recruited. The purpose of this source is to get more men and women to help in fighting the war and is trying to say if a woman is doing it then more should do as they are doing it for their beloved country. Another reason it could be produced is that they want more women to work in factories and this in a way changed their role as by 1915, the new style of war meant needed them to fill in the gaps left by men such as working in factories, T-unions etc. Women were helping the war effort by doing jobs such as: Voluntary Aid Detachments (VADs) or First Aid Nursing Yeomanry (FANY), and as drivers, cooks, mechanics and land army. Many women ‘munitionettes' worked in the government's munitions factories like it says on the poster' learn to make munitions' which is the most important job after the army of making the essential weapons needed to win the war. This was one way the Government was organising/financing and running the war. This picture essentially shows a happy women getting ready to put on her coat, ready to business for her country. This emphasizes patriotism and commitment the women are willing to take. In the background you can see people (men) leaving for the war and are getting cheered on as they go. This also shows the recruitment of soldiers the Government has made. Women also took on traditional men's jobs and became firemen, coalmen and bus conductors to keep everything going perfectly back home. This was also a chance for women to shows that they can do men jobs and should have an improved role in society. This source compares with source b by because that this one is showing that women are doing their both whereas the other contrasts a bit and is saying women running land army will help win the war In conclusion I think the main purpose of this poster was for the Government to get more recruitment, men and women.

Therapeutic Exercise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Therapeutic Exercise - Essay Example ch suggests that, during progressive resistance exercise, the body is likely to adapt to stress increasing an individual’s fitness when the stress is above the threshold intensity (Adeyanju, Crews and Meadors 252). In order that progressive resistance exercise becomes effective, there are factors that are normally involved in enhancing the adaptation of the muscle to deconditioning and stress. The factors include; specificity, reversibility, overload and individual difference. It is evident that, during progressive resistance exercise, an increase in stress tends to cause the muscle to improve its function, and the muscles also adapt to the stress conditions. It is evident that weight lifting, as a form of progressive resistance exercise, normally improves strength and enhances muscle hypertrophy. Casted leg atrophy normally results in response to the disuse of progressive resistance exercise (Baker and Newton 202). Progressive resistance raining stresses the body, therefore, improving its capacity to exercise. Progressive resistance exercise is normally beneficial to the body only if the body adapts to stress as a result of physical effort. It is evident that when the stress is less than body overload, adaptation never occurs. (Dunstan, Puddey, and Beilin 53). Significant improvements in performance normally occur when the appropriate exercise stresses are introduced into an individual’s training program. Progressive resistance exercise is largely a reflection of the level of training. When an individual works hard, he is likely to be fit. However, when progressive resistance exercise ceases, fitness begins to decline (Fahey 50). Progressive resistance exercise can normally be used to correct disorders such as mechanical derangement of the knee joint; it is also normally of immense clinical importance. The health benefits that are normally associated with progressive resistance exercise include; the reduction of the muscles ability to generate force, as a

The influence of macroeconomic conditions on market participants Essay

The influence of macroeconomic conditions on market participants - Essay Example This paper outlines the importance of the macroeconomic factors recognition during planning of the economic activity of any company. None of the companies is able to control them, yet these factors may hamper or facilitate the business activities of many companies and the stability of the market in which the company operates in. Economic factors play an important role in decision-making process of each company. The company should certainly try to improve its technological facilities, management procedures and financial operations but the successful activity in micro-environment can be sustained only if the company reacts quickly to macroeconomic factors and adapts its policy accordingly. The marketing strategy will fail if such factors as interest rates, level of unemployment, legal social and demographic factors are not taken into account, as none of the companies is able to operate in environment and outside it. Current political conditions as well as level of corruption might influence the decision making process as well. One of the most important factors that affects the business activities of companies is the purchasing power. If the purchasing power is low, as it is in less developed countries, then the company is not able to sell expensive products or the level of sales may be lower than expected one. The level of unemployment should be taken into account in developing of the marketing strategy of the company. High level of unemployment usually leads to the decrease in the production of luxury goods (such as expensive cars, refrigerators and other home appliances). Past incomes, earned by the persons who are retired should be taken into account in devising of the marketing strategy as well.

Impact of First World War on Russia and Germany Essay

Impact of First World War on Russia and Germany - Essay Example This was also the result of Russia being isolating itself and sending belligerent messages to the rest of the astounded world that was aghast with the termination of Tsars that led to their cold-blooded killing. The direct impact of world war started with the vast mobilisation of military and Russian population even in the farthest corners of Russia started dreading the outbreak of war with most of the able bodied men disappearing into the defence forces. Social impact of the military disasters between 1914 and 1915 was terrible for Russian population, who, till then, lived a rather deprived, but peaceful existence and most of the Russians were peasants in the far-flung areas of Russia1.There were war refugees accompanied by vast displacement of population as a result of Russian retreats in the first two years of war. It is said that more than one fifth of Russia's railway wagons were involved only in the work of evacuating people and other equipments in the summer of 1915. This had become very important to save the population from perishing in the hands of advancing Germany. More than half a million peasant households were displaced with disastrous effects. It was not easy to provide eithe r employment or basic necessities to these displaced people and rehabilitation when the country was losing the war was extremely difficult. Military reverses as in any other country, had direct impact on ordinary people of Russia. Farmers had to leave their land and livelihood and farm machinery and this means they had no ways of continuing farming. They were unsuitable for any other life and living without a roof over their heads in Russian winter was another major problem. There was widespread chaos and confusion combined with acute shortage of food and shelter almost leading to starvation. Naturally the government was unable to meet the expenses of refugees and running a full-blooded military campaign against Germany who had prepared for this war for years. Different sections of Russian society reacted in different ways, no doubt. But all of them showed understandable desperation of not knowing when the war would end. Refugees had no idea when they would be able to return home. Educated sections of the society and the intellectuals were getting more and more alienated from the government. From hindsight it is difficul t not to sympathise with the government which was under enormous stress and strain of protecting the land from the enemy attack, facing the weather conditions, clothing and keeping the soldiers armed and happy and facing the internal upheaval of a ruined economy, though the Russian elite remained committed to somehow achieving victory in the ongoing war. There are also indications that other than the military, civil administration was uncooperative in the war efforts and this slowly created rift in the ranks and lines of educated society. Government had been unable to mobilise public opinion in favour of the war it had been fighting. People were more concerned about losing their homes and hearths and were worried about their livelihoods than about the real war. Their minds were full of the hardships and difficulties they were facing with their families and ideologies did not worry them much, faced with enormous problems which did not seem to end.

The effects of child abandonment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The effects of child abandonment - Essay Example Child abandonment is a situation where a parent agrees to have no role in his childs life. This doesn’t only involve the failure to support a child from financial point of view but from emotional side as well. It is quite obvious that a child needs both of this parents to grow with self-confidence and self-esteem and that’s why abandonment leaves a child with so many questions. These questions create an extremely bad impact on the life of a child and sometimes it becomes difficult for him to get rid of the resonance of his excruciating memories of the past even in the old age. Divorce is getting quite common in todays world but if divorce results in abandoning parent, it can have huge impact on a child. Many children start to think that they are left alone. That’s true for children between the ages of 3-7. In this situation a child starts taking him as a reason for divorce and separation. This can further aggravate the situation and can prove to be obliterating for mental and emotional growth of a child. It is also relevant to mention that a child starts to think that if his parents can leave one another then one of them can leave him as well. That proves to be a real shock to the system and a child becomes more introverted. The problem is that children don’t become able to understand that different dynamics are associated with spousal relationship as compared to child-parent relationship. Now it is clear that there are certain effects of abandonment and a child has to face those implications for most part of his life. But, the question is that whether or not something can be done to save a child from having a bleak future. That’s the statement of purpose for this particular research paper and the answer will be found by exploring the comments made in previous researches and other sources. The effects of abandonment are multifold. But, the purpose of this research

Edouard Lalo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Edouard Lalo - Essay Example During the 1850s, Lalo played an important role in the revival of the Chamber music in France and composed two piano trios which showed his mastery over that form. In 1848, he co-founded the Arminguad Quartet where he performed as a violist and second violinist. Lalo married Julie Berner in 1865, who later became a performer for his compositions. Lalo had to face disappointments, a lot of times during his career. In 1866, Lalo began writing ‘Fiesque’, an opera which was supposed to be performed on the stage but the Paris Opera went against producing his work. Lalo’s career reached its apex when the ‘Societe Nationale de Musique’ was founded in 1871 with the aim of promoting contemporary composers. This motivated Lalo to compose for the orchestra, and he produced impressive compositions during this period which included the famous ‘Symphonie espagnole’, the ‘Cello Concerto’ and ‘Fantaisie norvegienne’. Laloâ€℠¢s most complex yet most celebrated work was Le Roi d'Ys, an opera that was performed in the year 1888 which earned him great reputation as a composer. Lalo left several works incomplete when he died in Paris at the age of sixty three (Edouard Lalo). Works Cited â€Å"Edouard Lalo." Classical Acrhives. 26 04 2011 .

Principles of Statistics In-Module Assessment Coursework

Principles of Statistics In-Module Assessment - Coursework Example The period over which the exchange rate is observed is January, 1973 to January 2013. Annual observations are used; for each year, a single value of the exchange rate is observed. Thus, there are 43 annual observations on the exchange rate in the sample of data. Before turning to the specific characteristics of the series, it may be useful to note the significance of forecasting foreign exchange rates. For any economy that is open to international trade, the foreign exchange rates play important roles in deciding policies governing most of the important macro-economic variables in the economy. Particularly since the settlement of most international transactions occur within a short future horizon, the exchange rates likely to be applicable at the time of settlement assumes importance. The magnitude of the associated cash flows in terms of the domestic currency are evaluated by using foreign currency conversions. And these conversions are obtained by denominating the domestic currency by the foreign currency of the trade partner through the foreign exchange rate for the pair of countries (Taylor 1995). ... Since the natural logarithm is a monotonic transformation, all dynamic properties of the series are preserved, only the scale of the magnitude is smaller. Figure 1: The exchange rate between the Japanese Yen and the US Dollar The first and foremost point to be noted is that the price of the Dollar has exhibited a downward trend over the time horizon under consideration. Starting at slightly above 5.8 in 1971, the value of the series has ended at around 4.6 in 2013. However, the series has not continuously declined. It has exhibited periods of upward movements as well as downward movements. The length and magnitude of the downward movements however, dominate the trend. As a result, the overall trend of the series is that of a decline. A closer look reveals that the series exhibits a particular persistence: a downward movement continues for a few years as does an upward movement. That is, once a dip starts, it persists for a few years. Similarly, once an upward swing starts, it seems t o persist for a few years. This pattern of persistence will become important in the forecasting phase. It should also be noted that the average length of the persistence of upswings is visibly smaller than the average length of the downswings. This pattern is particularly clear for the years after 1985. The other pattern worthy of note is that the overall magnitude of increases in the exchange rate over periods of appreciation is smaller than the observed magnitudes of decline in the exchange rate during periods of decreases. Barring the years between 1977 and 1983, this holds true for every period of decline and period of increase. Therefore, the observed pattern of decline in the Japanese price of the US dollar is explained by two

PED 131 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PED 131 - Essay Example In the paper I got the second question wrong. The question was -When the command Cease Fire is given other than the range office. My answer to this was (b) Stop shooting immediately, lay the gun down on the bench and await further instructions. The reason I chose this answer was because when someone gives the command to cease fire it could be because there is some hazardous situation. Thus the best way to avoid any danger would be to stop firing and lay the gun down. But the correct answer is (d) since the correct thing to do would be to stop firing, point the gun in a safe direction and call or wait for the range officer to give further orders and if needed clarify as to why someone else gave the order. My answer to question 3 was because I felt that after notifying the range officer the best thing to do would be to open the action and remove the cartridge since in order to continue firing I would have to remove the faulty cartridge. But the correct answer to this is (d) since it is the range officer who is responsible to over see the removal of the cartridge. My answer to question 5 was (b) since in all the guns I have seen till date the safety switch has always been on the side and no where else.

See below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

See below - Essay Example I was wrong. I never thought I would ever leave the Philippines. I was brought up by parents who were completely supporting of my holistic needs – as well as those of my siblings. I am the eldest in the brood with one feisty brother and one totally gregarious sister. I was the timid one; wholly and totally satisfied to be confined in my neat and cozy shell. My parents were both working in the old commercial district of Manila. I remember bidding them daily goodbyes as I was barely awake, stirring sleepily from our shared bed. I was confidently placed under the tender, loving care of my maternal grandmother, who, together with a totally high-tempered grandfather, made sure that my day was full with fun activities to keep me away from mischief. A routine and ordinary day comprised of watching chicken being fed in the backyard, playing hide and seek, getting a mandatory siesta, indulging in native delicacies as snacks, and patiently waiting for the return on my parents from work. The sheltered and traditional practice of child care that was applied partly contributed to the shy behavior. Entering school one month late was another. My working mother must have missed the fact that I was already old enough at five to enter kindergarten. The feeling of being watched and stared at by a bunch of school kids who were already familiar with each other gave me a traumatic experience about early education. I refused to socialize and fairly developed interpersonal skills. I was always anxious to go home and return to my safe refuge. My family was my life. Both parents were the eldest in their respective nuclear families. Both have seven siblings. Our nuclear family lived with my maternal familial lineage. Growing up meant sharing every possible thing with relatives: shelter, food, time, entertainment, stories, laughter, sorrows, emotions, bonds, life. Every meal was a feast to behold – taking into account the number of people sharing the meal, despite the modest y and simplicity of the blessing. Every night was spent in front of the black and white television set watching programs that were legends in their own rights: Hawaii Five-O, Six Million Dollar Man, Wild Wild West, Mission Impossible and local programs. I was never aware that there would come a time when we would all part ways. My godfather, who was also my uncle, first left for the United States to try his luck. I could barely understand what that means – except that he would leave his motorcycle and entrusted it to his brother. My auntie, a very skilled baker, who loved to bake all sorts of pastries: pineapple pies, cakes, waffles, was the next to migrate to the U.S. I will never forget that she was the person who introduced me to one of my most loved cakes of all time, Sans Rival. I can still remember the afternoon she started preparing to bake it. The ingredients were lined up in structured order: butter, flour, sugar, cashew nuts, among others. I was so excited to taste the cake that smelled so good and took so painstakingly long to prepare. I realized that was the first and last time I would savor the recipe from her. Marriage, death, and simply growing up were other reasons for parting. I was already in my teens when I tried to get in touch with relatives who lived in America. I missed them so much that I dreamed of being reconnected with them. The failing health of my parents likewise provided the impetus for a persistent

Great Expectations Essay Example for Free

Great Expectations Essay Why have the soldiers actually come to the Gargery house? – They are there to get a pair of 5. handcuffs fixed. 6. When the two convicts are found, what are they doing? – They are fighting. 7. What does the second convict claim the first convict tried to do to him? – He claims he tried to 7. murder him 8. How does Joe feel toward the first convict? – He is sympathetic; he doesn’t mind him eating the 8. pork pie if it meant he wouldn’t starve. 9. Who takes the blame for stealing the food from Mrs. Joe? – The first convict takes the blame. 10. Where are the convicts taken? – They are taken back to the prison ship. Great Expectations: Chapters 6 and 7 Questions 1. Why didnt Pip tell Joe the truth concerning the convict and the theft? – He was scared he’d lose 1. Joe’s trust. 2. What is probably the reason that Joe married Pips sister? – He probably married her to help 2. raise Pip. 3. What does Mr. Wopsles great-aunt run in the evenings? – She runs night school. 4. Even though Pip attends the evening school, who actually teaches Pip how to read and write? 4. Biddy teaches him how to read and write. 5. What does Pip find out about Joes education? – He finds out Joe never attended school. 6. What is the only word that Joe can read? – He can only read â€Å"Jo†. 7. Pip agrees to help Joe learn to read and write. Why must they keep it a secret from Mrs. Joe? 7. She may think Joe will want to rise and rebel against her. 8. What news do Uncle Pumblechook and Mrs. Joe bring home to Pip? – He says Miss Havisham 8. wants Pip to play at her house. 9. What does Miss Havisham ask Pip to come there to do? – She wants him to play there. 10. Who first takes Pip to Miss Havishams house? Mr. Pumblechook takes Pip first. Great Expectations: Chapters 8 and 9 Questions 1. What is the meaning of Satis? It means â€Å"Enough†. 2. At what time have all the clocks in Miss Havishams house stopped? – They have stopped at 20 2. minutes to 9. 3. Who opens the gate to let Pip in at Miss Havishams? – Estella let’s Pip in. 4. What game does Pip play with Estella? Beggar my neighbor is the game they play. 5. How is Miss Havisham dressed? She is dressed in a fine, but aged bridal dress. 6. How does Estella hurt Pips feelings? – Estella is unkind to him and insults him. 7. Who does Pip imagine he sees hanging from a beam in the brewery? He imagines he sees Miss 7. Havisham hanging there. 8. Why does Pip lie to Mrs. Joe and Uncle Pumblechook about his day at Miss Havish ms? He 8. wouldn’t be believed, he didn’t understand everything there himself, and he didn’t want to talk 8. about it with Mrs. Joe. 9. Pip cannot lie to whom? – Pip can’t lie to Joe. 10. On what subject does Joe lecture Pip? – He lectures him about telling lies. Great Expectations: Chapters 10 and 11 Questions 1. What does the mysterious stranger at the Three Jolly Bargemen stir his drink with? He stirs it 1. with a file. 2. What does the stranger give to Pip? He gives Pip two pounds. 3. How does Estella treat Pip in these two chapters? She is very unkind and insulting. 4. What is the Three Jolly Bargemen? – It is a pub. 5. Who are the people waiting with Pip in the large room at Miss Havishams? – They are relatives 5. of Miss Havisham 6. On what occasion are these people visiting Miss Havisham? It is Miss Havisham’s birthday. 7. Describe what Pip sees on the bri dal table. – He saw a bridal cake (though he didn’t know at 7. first) covered with cobwebs. 8. Where does Miss Havisham want to be laid when she is dead? She wants to be laid on the 8. bridal table. . What does Miss Havisham ask Pip to do on this visit? She asks him to play cards again with 9. Estella. 10. What do Pip and the pale young gentleman do? They fight. Great Expectations: Chapters 12 and 13 Questions 1. What does Pip worry about before he returns to Miss Havishams? He worries about being 1. punished for fighting. 2. What do Miss Havisham and Pip do every visit? – Pip pushed her in her wheelchair around her 2. Room. 3. Why does Miss Havisham ask Pip to bring Joe to her house? She wants Pip to become Joe’s 3. apprentice. 4. What does apprenticeship mean? It means to be bound to master to learn a trade. 5. What does Miss Havisham pay Joe for Pips apprenticeship? She pays him 25 pounds. 6. How does Joe embarrass Pip at Miss Havishams? -He has a crude appearance and rough speech. 7. Who does Pip confide in? Pip confides in Biddy. 8. What does Miss Hav isham instruct Estella to do? She instructs her to â€Å"break their hearts†. 9. Who takes the credit for Pips apprenticeship? Mr. Pumblechook takes credit for it. 10. How does Pip feel about his apprenticeship to Joe? – Pip is disappointed in it. Great Expectations: Chapters 14 and 15 Questions 1. Why does Pip want to educate Joe? He wants to educate Joe so that â€Å"he might be worthier of 1. my society and less open to Estella’s reproach. † 2. What is the reason Pip gives Joe for wanting to return to Miss Havishams? –He says he wants to 2. thank Miss Havisham 3. What is the real reason he wants to return to Miss Havishams? He wishes to see Estella. 4. Who meets Pip at Miss Havishams gate? He meets Sarah Pocket. 5. Where is Estella? She is â€Å"Abroad†. 6. When does Miss Havisham invite Pip to return? She invites him to return on his birthday. 7. What is the name of Joes journeyman at the forge? The journeyman is Dolge Orlick. 8. Who causes the fight between Orlick and Joe? Mrs. Joe causes the fight. 9. Who joins Pip and Mr. Wopsle on their walk home? Orlick joins them. 10. What happens at home while Pip is in the village? – Mrs. Joe was attacked. Great Expectations: Chapters 16 and 17 Questions 1. What important piece of evidence w as left beside Mrs. Joes body? – A leg iron was next to her. 2. Mrs. Joe lives, but how is she afflicted? – She has brain damage and is unable to talk. 3. What does Mrs. Joe repeatedly draw on her slate? – She draws a T shape. 4. When Mrs. Joe draws this figure, who does she want to see? She wants to see Orlick. 5. What does the T represent? – It represents a hammer. 6. Who are the two people Pip suspects could be Mrs. Joes attacker? –Orlick or the strange man 6. he saw at the pub. 7. Who comes to live at the forge and cares for Mrs. Joe? –Biddy comes to live at the forge. 8. When Pip returns to see Miss Havisham on his birthday, what does she give him? – He is given a 8. guinea 9. Who does Pip confide in that he wants to be a gentleman? – He tells Biddy. 10. What is the reason that Pip wants to be a gentleman? – He says he is unhappy with his place in 10. life Great Expectations: Chapter 18 and 19 Questions 1. Who informs Pip that he has Great Expectations? – Pip is informed by Mr. Jaggers. 2. What are the three stipulations of the inheritance? – He will be raised as a gentleman, cannot 2. know the identity of the person giving him his fortune, and his acceptance of the other conditions. 3. Who is to be Pips guardian while he is in London? – Mr. Jaggers is to be Pip’s guardian. 4. Who is to be Pips tutor while he is in London? – Pip’s tutor is to be Matthew Pocket. 5. When Mr. Jaggers offers Joe money to compensate for the loss of Pips services, what does the blacksmith do? Joe declines it. 6. Who does Pip believe is his benefactor? –He believes it is Miss Havisham. 7. Why does Pip visit Mr. Trabb, the tailor? – He visits Mr. Trabb to get a suit for London. 8. How does the reader know that Biddy understands Joe better than Pip does? – She asks Pip if he 8. ever consider that Jo e may be proud when he asks her to help Joe. 9. How has the behavior of Mr. Pumblechook and Mr. Trabb changed toward Pip? – They treat him 9. considerably better. 10. Where is Pip going at the end of Chapter 19? – He is going to London. Great Expectations: Chapters 20 and 21 Questions 1. What is the name of Mr. Jaggers clerk? – Mr. Wemmick is Mr. Jaggers clerk. 2. What is the name of the pale young gentleman? – The gentleman’s name is Herbert. 3. What is Pips impression of London? – He sees it as ugly, crooked, and dirty. 4. What is the name of the inn where Pip is to live? –He is to live at Barnard’s Inn. 5. What does Mr. Jaggers give to Pip? – He gives Pip’s his allowance. 6. Who walks Pip to Barnards Inn? – Mr. Wemmick walks Pip to the inn. 7. What kind of lawyer is Mr. Jaggers? – He is a criminal defense lawyer. 8. Where have Pip and Herbert Pocket met before now? – They met at the Satis House’s garden, 8. here they fought 9. What is Pips impression of Mr. Jaggers? – He is a frightening person. 10. What is the name of the prison located near Mr. Jaggers office? – It is called Newgate Prison. Great Expectations: Chapters 22 and 23 Questions 1. How does Herbert feel about Estella? – He is also attracted to her, but also knows about her 1. true character. 2. What name does Herbert give to Pip? –He names him Handel. 3. Why is Pip named Handel? – He names him after Handel’s The Harmonious Blacksmith. 4. What is one of the first lessons Herbert teaches Pip? – He teaches him table manners. 1. What relation is Estella to Miss Havisham? – Miss Havisham adopted her. 2. Does Miss Havisham have any brothers or sisters? – She has a half-brother. 3. Who did Mr. Havisham leave his vast fortune to after his death? – He left his fortune to Miss 3. Havisham’s fiance 4. What two men conspired to swindle Miss Havisham out of her money? – Her half-brother and 4. her fiance. 5. Which character is obsessed with peerage, titles, and nobility? – Mrs. Pocket is obsessed with 5. peerage, titles, and nobility. 6. Who are the other two students living at Matthew Pockets home? – They are Bentley Drummle 6. nd Startop. Great Expectations: Chapters 24 and 25 Questions 1. When Pip is invited to Mr. Jaggers home, who does Wemmick want Pip to notice? Does Pip go to see Joe, Biddy, and his sister while he is in town? –Pip doesn’t visit them. 3. Who rides on the coach with Pip? – Two convicts ride with Pip. 4. What does Pip overhear the convicts discussing? –How the convict Pip helped asked him to 4. deliver money to Pip. 5. When Pip arrives in his village, who does he find has taken all the credit for his good fortune? 5. He finds Mr. Pumblechook has taken all the credit. 6. Who admits Pip into Miss Havishams gate and is now working for her? –Orlick now works for 6. her. 7. How has Estella changed since the last time Pip saw her? Pip describes her as a ravishing young 7. woman. 8. What does Miss Havisham tell Pip to do to Estella? –She tell Pip to love her. 9. How does Pip recognize Estella when he first arrives? –Pip recognizes her by her eyes.

Edward Hallet Carrs Arguments In What Is History?

Edward Hallet Carrs Arguments In What Is History? Introduction This essay attempts to review Edward Hallet Carrs (1892-1982) arguments in his book What is History? According to Carr, history is a continual process of interaction; a dialogue between the historian in the present and the facts of the past and the relative weight of individuals and social elements on both sides of the equation. Advocating the adoption of a suitable philosophy to the approach of writing history, in terms of selecting, distinguishing and interpreting historical fact, Carr elucidates that great history is written when the historians view of the past is illuminated by insights into the conditions of the present. In addition to continually asking why, the historian also needs to project into the future. This essay attempts to understand Carrs views on objectivity, truth and narrative in the arguments put forth in his book What is History? and the assessment of his arguments by other historians. H.E. Carrs Arguments on What is History In his arguments on What is History? Carr sets out the following premise. History is a continual dialogue between the past and the present; an interaction between the historian and his facts. Establishing the criteria for selecting historical fact, Carr argues that fact itself is insufficient and must be correctly and truthfully interpreted. To arrive at a correct interpretation and factual account of history, a historian must continually question why and whither, as history in essence is change. Carr also underlines the fact that historians, as individuals, cannot be divested from the society they live in. A proper philosophy to the approach of history is thus essential for the historian. Each era or century has its own interpretation of what history is. As a social process, history is an interaction between the past and the present and between the society of today and yesterday. History according to Carr contains a corpus of ascertained facts and these are available to the historian in documents. He however asserts that fact without accurate interpretation is ineffectual. To understand this, one has to first distinguish historical fact from other facts in the past. Carr discusses historical fact in light of the Empirical or Common Sense View of History. There are certain basic facts that are the same for all historians and which form the backbone of history. These facts, however, form the raw material for the historian, rather than history itself. The necessity to verify the truth of these basic facts rests on a priori decision by the historian. Whilst accuracy of such facts is a necessary, a historian must also rely on the auxiliary sciences of history archaeology, epigraphy, numismatics, chronology amongst others. A historian like any other scientist must continually ask the question why. The question whither also assumes importance, since the line of demarcation between pre-historic and historical times is eclipsed when people cease to live only in the present and become consciously interested in their past and future. However, Carr also reveals that as a social being the historian is naturally and inclined to be selective of the facts he chooses. Our picture of the past has been preselected and predetermined for us by people who consciously or unconsciously imbued a particular view and saw those facts as worthy of preserving. Carr likens history to an enormous jigsaw puzzle with many missing parts. A lacunae in the historical facts of 5th century Greece B.C has arisen due to one sided view of Greece from the Athenian citizen. Hardly any information is available on how it looked to other citizens like the Spartan, Corinthian, Theban or even a slave. The 19th century fetishism of facts was complemented by an equal fetishism for documents. However, none of this means anything unless the author has actually deciphered and processed the facts found in these documents before making use of them. Carr defines the method the historian makes use of facts as the processing process. The Stresemanns Vermà ¤ch tnis volume is one such illustration of the selectiveness of historians. Sometimes mere fact about the past is transformed into history. For example while the Battle of Hastings 1066 is an important historical event, it is the historian who decides the whether the inclusion of Caesars crossing of the Rubicon is a relevant historical fact. Or the mention of the murder of a ginger bread vendor at Stalybridge Wakes in 1850 is equally relevant. Their status as historical facts will depend on their interpretation. Correct and truthful interpretation of historical fact is equally important stresses Carr. Facts are like fish swimming about in a vast and sometimes inaccessible ocean. What the historian catches will depend largely on which part of the ocean he is fishing and what fish he intends to catch. The ancient or mediaeval historian may be grateful for the large winnowing process which has over the years put a manageable corpus of facts at their disposal. The modern historian on the other hand has the dual task of discovering a few significant facts and discarding the insignificant ones as unhistorical. Each historian belongs to his own age and is bound to it by the conditions of human existence. An understanding of the past can be achieved by an insight into present conditions. The choice of words for example democracy, empire or war, are connotations linked to the historians specific time in history. Similarly, over the years, a change in the balance of power, world wars and other movements have also influenced historical writing. French history in the latter twentieth century was deeply affected by the Russian Revolution of 1917. Carr advises historians that equal importance should be given to the date and publication of writing as the name of the author when commencing on a study. Carr states it is imperative that the author should neither dwell solely on the past nor disassociate totally from it, but master and understands it, as the key to understanding the present. The reconstitution of the past in the historians mind is dependent on empirical evidence, but is not in itself an empirical process as facts do not speak for themselves. The process of reconstitution governs the selection and interpretation of facts. This indeed is what makes them historical facts. The facts of history are never handed down to us in a pure form clarifies Carr. They are always refracted through the mind of the recorder. When a historian takes up a work of history, the authors first concern should not be with the facts, but rather an understanding of the historians who wrote it and their back ground. To appreciate the work of the English Liberal Historian, Trevelyan England under Queen Anne, one must interpret it against the background of his traditional Whig historian lineage. To appreciate the thoughts behind peoples action, Carr exhorts historian to cultivate an imaginative understanding of the minds of people they are dealing with for a correct interpretation of historical fact. Historians must necessarily cultivate an objective approach to history asserts Carr. The duty of the historian to respect fact cannot be overshadowed by the obligation to see that the facts are accurate. The historian must seek to bring into the picture all known or knowable facts, relevant in one sense or the other to the theme and the interpretation proposed. History is meaningless in a static world affirms Carr. History in its essence is change reveals Carr. It is meaningless in a static world. A society which loses its belief in its capacity to move into the future will quickly cease to concern itself with its progress in the past. History can be accurately written by those who find and accept a sense of direction in history itself. Whilst writing history, two processes must go hand in hand input and output, states Carr. Working historians must stop and reflect what they are doing. The historian can thus effectively mould facts to his interpretation. Speaking from his own experience, Carr reveals that the process of reading and writing are simultaneous exercises for him. The writing is added to and subtracted from as he goes along. He found that his reading was more guided and directed by the writing as he went along. Assessment of Carrs Arguments Since its publication in 1961 E.H. Carrs What is History? the book established itself as a classic reference on the subject.  [1]  Yet despite its widespread recognition, many inner flaws and contradictions have surfaced, sparking several debates on Carr supposition of What is History? Whilst rejecting the crude and rigid re-constructionist stance of the empiricist, Carr as a political constructionist historian has failed to visualise the post modern challenge to the distinction between fact and fiction in historical narrative and the influence of root metaphors.  [2]  His epistemological position is revealed through his scepticism about the nature and status of historical knowledge and sociology of knowledge. (Alan Munslow). Over the years there have been disagreements about Carrs contribution to the analytical philosophy of history, shadowing the distinction between re-constructionism and constructionism.  [3]   Authors Anders Stephanson and Rendall Germain in their appraisal conclude that Carrs answers to the questions he has set about history are in themselves unsatisfactory. Another writer, Keith Jenkins underlines the futility of Carrs empirical-analytical concept particularly in light of the post modern challenges.  [4]  Carr devalues his currency of re-constructionist theory, by his ultimate acceptance of the epistemological model of historical explanation as the best method to create and evaluate historical thought.  [5]   Exploring Carrs epistemological claim to radicalism and his insistence that a historian cannot divorce himself from the outlook and interests of his age, Historian Alan Munslow, highlights the fact that today with greater awareness of the weakness of representation, reference and inductive inference, a larger part of historical writing is based on the supposition that we cannot know any absolute truths about the past. Whilst acknowledging Carrs attention to the discursive nature of historical facts, Historian Alex Callinicos refutes Carrs opinion that the importance of empirical evidence diminishes since the facts of history are refracted through the mind of the historian.  [6]  Rather this premise gives rise to the question of the historians subjective bearing on the facts. Carr drops his objectivist anchor when he argues that Historian Collingwoods logic of sceptical position leads to the idea that there is no certainty in historical meaning and that the discourses of historians, or what Carr termed as total scepticism, like something spun out a human brain, suggests that there could be no objective truth in historical writing.  [7]  Supporting his own belief in the power of empiricism, Carrexplicitly rejected Nietzches notion that historical truth is defined by fitness of purpose. This misguiding percept excludes the possibility that one interpretation is as good as another.  [8]   While confirming the necessity of a continual interaction between the historian and his facts, Carr was unwilling to acknowledge that the written historical fact could possibly be a work of fiction.  [9]  He overlooks the reality that new evidence and new theory can offer new interpretations. Carrs epistemological theory of knowledge argues that the past is known from its evidence and remains so whilst being introduced in the historical narrative.  [10]   For example, Carrs argument that facts are a priori decision of the historian, and that the historians influence on and the arrangement of these facts is what constitutes historical meaning. However, this gives rise to the risk of subjectivity and the outcome may not be an accurate representation of the evidence.  [11]   Carr pulls back from relativism which his own logic has thrust him into. Aware that he is running a post empiricist wind, he rejects Collingwoods demand for the emphatic and constructive approach and cites another historian who accepts the model of dialogue between past and present, while keeping an objective point of view. This profile of a historian is affirmed by the American Commentators Joyce Appleby, Lynn Hunt and Margaret Jacob who repacked Carrs position as practical realism.  [12]   Carr uses his objectivist angle to underplay the problems of historical form.  [13]  He does this by arguing that the standard for objectivity in history is the historians sense of the direction in history, which means the historian selects facts not on personal bias, but on the ability to choose the right facts, or, in other words, that he applies the right standard of significance.  [14]   Carrs objective historian is one who has the ability to see beyond the inadequate vision of his own position in society and history and at the same time has the ability to visualise the future to give him a more in depth and enduring understanding of the past.  [15]   The objective historian is also one who penetrates most deeply into the mutual method of fact and value, who recognises that facts and values are not necessarily in opposition to differences in standards emerging from disparity of historical fact, and vice versa. An objective historian also understands the boundaries of historical theory. Carrs insists that the objective historian should develop the habit of reading and interpreting the evidence at the same time. However, appropriate social theory precludes presumption or series of connected presumptions, of how people in the past acted intentionally and related to their social contexts.  [16]   Conclusion In his book What is History? H E Carr lays out the premises for conducting a correct approach and philosophy to writing history. History according to Carr is a continuous dialogue between the past and present and a continual interaction between the historian and the facts, for a correct interpretation and accurate recording of facts. It is constantly changing. It is important therefore for the historian to develop a proper philosophy of history before undertaking a study, where historical fact, the criteria for selection of, and their factual interpretation are of vital importance. Carrs arguments about objectivity and his epistemological theory of knowledge have been widely criticised by empiricist as well as the social theory historians. His failure to visualise post modern challenge to the distinction between fact and fiction in historical narrative and his inclination towards post-empiricism despite his claims to radicalism have reduced the currency of his re-constructionist theory.

Stanford Prison Experiment

Stanford Prison Experiment The Stanford Prison Experiment is one of the most notorious and interesting experiments in recent social psychology history. Even though the goals of this experiment were to study the psychological effects of prison on people, it shed some light on how our behaviors can be changed through the roles we participate in. Current research, and role theory, has suggested that roles play a part in our identities and behavior. Parallels between the Stanford Prison Experiment and current research will be studied. A Study on Societal Roles:Â  An Examination of the Stanford Prison Experiment We play many roles in our day to day life: wife, mother, sister, friend, and coworker. Each role has implied duties that we may or may not be so aware of. We work diligently at balancing all of our responsibilities, which if balance is not attained, could lead to dysfunction in a persons life. In order to lead a healthy life, one must examine each role he or she plays. A Stanford social psychology professor, Phillip Zimbardo, was one of the pioneers in exploring social roles, behaviors, and how they are affected by certain situations. His radical research experiment opened up the eyes of the participants and many others as to what we will do in order to fulfill our roles. Zimbardo spent most of his early career conducting behavioral studies that focused on biological processes such as hunger and thirst. It wasnt until the 1960s that he really began to focus on social psychology issues, such as conformity. Philip Zimbardos experiment on prison life demonstrated how quickly a person can dissolve their own identity to fit into the social roles expected of them. The outcome and aftermath of this experiment is still important in current day psychology. First, Zimbardo chose the participants of the experiment to reflect the common or average individuals in the current society. According to Zimbardo, most were college aged, white males, who were from a middle class socioeconomic background (Haney, Banks, Zimbardo, 1973). After random assignment, the prisoner participants were arrested, booked, and then taken to the prison (Zimbardo, Haney, Banks, Jaffe, 1973). In an attempt to make the prison relatively realistic, Zimbardo spent a great deal of time with t he details such as the appearance of the prison and the cells, the uniforms of the guards, and the entry process for the prisoners on the first day. All of these components were planned in an effort to dehumanize, demoralize, and emasculate the prisoners (Zimbardo et al, 1973). The uniforms, weapons, and instructions that the guards received were in an effort to deindividualize them, which effectively displaced their identity, and supported their new authoritative roles (Zimbardo et al, 1973). By day two, the roles were firmly in place in both the prisoners and the guards. After a brief rebellion by the prisoners, the guards felt even more justified in their actions and aggression towards them (Zimbardo et al, 1973). The guards became sadistic, grossly exerting their control to the point of not allowing the prisoners to use the bathroom, instead forcing them to relieve themselves in a bucket that was not removed from the cells (Zimbardo et al, 1973). As time went on, the prisoners s howed signs of acute stress, changes in their mood and behaviors, and started to act in complete obedience to the guards (Zimbardo et al, 1973). The environment in the prison experiment became so dangerous that it was ended before the expected time period of completion. There are many reasons why this experiment was ethically unsuccessful yet rich in information about behaviors and roles. I believe that there were many influences which caused the participants to delve so deeply into their assigned roles. One factor that may have helped to change the participants behaviors was the fact that there was a power hierarchy. Even though this hierarchy was a farce and only part of an experiment, both the guards and the prisoners integrated this perceived imbalance into their identity. The actions, behaviors and attitudes of all involved changed drastically in the six days that the experiment was active. The male participants started off psychologically and physically healthy, as tested before the experiment by Zimbardo (Zimbardo et al, 1973). They soon changed into either sadistic, aggressive guards or anxious, compliant prisoners (Zimbardo et al, 1973). Outside people, who were loosely involved in the experiment, also performed certain roles. Both a priest and lawyer were contacted near the end of the experiment and both acted as though the prisoners were incarcerated in a real jail (Zimbardo et al, 1973). Zimbardo also admitted that his role as Superintendent became very realistic to him (1973). I believe other factors may have also affected the participants: the environment, the presence of the Warden and Superintendent, and the emotional environment within the experiment. Almost every person who came into contact with this experiment changed their point of view to yield to the success of the experiment; all becoming actors in a pretend, simulated situation. It took the experiments premature ending to remind everyone of their own identities, and that this was supposed to be a scientific study. This experiment, while only intending to study a small microcosm of human behavior, uncovered truths that may explain our behaviors in a much broader sense. The Stanford Prison Experiment has far reaching implications. Even though his study focused on a prison environment, the change in behaviors and attitudes due to our social roles can be seen in everyday life. In order to fully understand how our roles affect our behavior, we must first examine what comprises a role. A role is a set of norms that define how people should behave (Myers, 2008, p. 128). Role theory is concerned with studying patterned and characteristic social behaviors, parts or identities that are assumed by social participants, and scripts or expectations for behavior that are understood by all and adhered to by performers (Biddle, 1986, p.68). According to role theory, social attitudes can affect how we behave and even how we define ourselves. An interesting way to view the interactions of our various roles is to organize them into a classification system, similar to what is seen in Biology. What starts as a broad classification, such as our culture and gender, can t hen be reduced into smaller classifications such as local affiliations. All of these roles interact with each other and affect our daily lives. For example, I am a female in an individualistic culture. Each of those categories comes with certain expectations. Life would be vastly different for me if I were to be a female in a collectivistic society. Just one change in the hierarchy could change the subsequent roles that appear in my life. The study of roles and behaviors has been applied to many subjects. Many studies have been completed on how gender roles can have a negative effect on womens lives. Texas A M students Wood, Christensen, Hebl, and Rothgerber conducted a study on self concepts and role congruency (1997). Roles of males were defined by dominance and females were defined as intimate and communal (Wood et al, 1997). The research results showed signs that men had a more positive self concept when presented with situations similar to that of the normative sex role, i.e. dominance (Wood et al, 1997). Women had the similar tendency to have a positive self concept when presented with situations congruent with female roles (Wood et al, 1997). But what if a woman expressed more dominance? What if a womans lifestyle called for situations that required a more dominant, incongruent role norm? Eagly and Kassau postulated that women have a distinct disadvantage in leadership roles in the work environment due to expectations of their gender roles (2002). Women were perceived as less capable of being in a leadership role and evaluated negatively (Eagly and Kassau, 2002). This role congruity theory may explain many hardships experienced by females, such as the glass ceiling effect. Women may very well be hindered in their careers due to gender stereotypes. Men may also be judged for choosing career paths that are perceived as having more feminine qualities, such as nursing. Furthermore, men face criticism for staying at home with their children while their wive s work, also considered incongruent with current gender roles. With more and more women working, the standards for certain roles will inevitably have to change. Gender roles are just one small example of how social standards can affect our attitudes, behaviors, and how we live. As stated before, we have a multitude of roles that we live by throughout our lives. Each role comes with a unique set of social implications and prescribed behaviors. Each role becomes subtly stamped into our identity, integrated into who we are. I believe this quote is a wonderful summation and parallel analysis to the Stanford Prison Experiment and real world issues of roles and behaviors. Zimbardo states: In some ways, everyone will be a prisoner or a guard at some point in their life, because a guard is simply someone who limits the freedom of another person. Parents, spouses, and bosses do this all the time. And the recipients of this behavior? Well, they are the prisoners. (Slavich, 2009). Even though this statement may seem somewhat pessimistic, there may be a grain of truth in regards to the commitment to our roles and the consequences. We make little concessions to our freedoms every day. For example, we have obligations to work X amount of hours per week. Maybe we limit some of our behaviors out of respect for our spouses. Overall, I dont believe that most people can say that they get to do what they want to one hundred percent of the time. Our daily lives are dominated by rules and restrictions and that is not always a bad thing. But I believe it is important to examine closely the restrictions posed by the roles present in ones life. Zimbardo dared to ask the question: where does ones identity end and ones role begin? (1973). The two seem to be invariably intertwined, each having an effect on the other. The heavy weighing expectations of our roles seem to form parts of our identity. Are we, as people, greater than the sum of our roles? Or are we truly defined by our roles, and our roles alone? Does being a parent, or a spouse, or an employee of a certain company truly define you as a person? After reading Zimbardos The Lucifer Effect and watching many of his public speeches, I believe he would say that we have the power to use our roles for good. Also, that we are capable of transcending and breaking free from the negative, evil roles in our lives. Philip G. Zimbardo conducted one of the most important experiments in Social Psychology. The Stanford Prison Experiment gave us amazing insight into how extreme we will go in our actions and behaviors to fulfill our roles.

Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau :: essays research papers

Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were both born in Massachusetts. Emerson was born in Boston in 1803. Thoreau was born in Concord in 1817. Emerson attended Harvard and then became a Unitarian minister just like his father had been. Thoreau also attended Harvard but upon graduating, became a teacher and opened up a school. Both Emerson and Thoreau gave up their careers to pursue Transcendentalist philosophy. Emerson was one of the first to start the Transcendental Club. Thoreau became Emerson's student after he had moved into his house. Thoreau simplified his needs and began to experiment with Transcendentalism through experience. Although Emerson's writings achieved national recognition during his lifetime, Thoreau did not see such fame during his own life. They were both active Transcendentalists, but their philosophies and methods differed slightly. Emerson believed one should live in harmony with nature. One of his essays, appropriately titled, "Nature," was the first published essay on Transcendentalist philosophy. Emerson theorized that man was one and the same with nature and he wrote about his experiences with nature. In "Nature," Emerson wrote that, "In the woods, we return to reason and faith. "Although he was the one to write this, it was Thoreau who went to extremes and took this literally. Though Emerson and Thoreau both believed in living in harmony with something, they differed on what it was they were to live in harmony with. While Emerson lectured about Transcendetalist philosophy, Thoreau thoroughly practiced it. Emerson believed in living in harmony with nature. Thoreau believed in living in peace and harmony with ourselves. Thoreau took Transcendentalism to the extremes. He simplified every aspect of his live and went" back to nature" to test the experiences of Transcendentalism. He focused on how he could live in peace and harmony with himself in nature while Emerson lectured about living in harmony with nature. Thoreau took Emerson's teachings and expanded on them. Emerson played his role as teacher and Thoreau played his role as student. They did this both whle living in the same household and throughout their lives. Emerson taught Transcendentalist philosophy and Thoreau not only expanded on those teachings, he used them for experimenting with Transcednetalism.

19th Century Art Essay -- Art History

19th Century Art During the 19th century, a great number of revolutionary changes altered forever the face of art and those that produced it. Compared to earlier artistic periods, the art produced in the 19th century was a mixture of restlessness, obsession with progress and novelty, and a ceaseless questioning, testing and challenging of all authority. Old certainties about art gave way to new ones and all traditional values, systems and institutions were subjected to relentless critical analysis. At the same time, discovery and invention proceeded at an astonishing rate and made the once-impossible both possible and actual. But most importantly, old ideas rapidly became obsolete which created an entirely new artistic world highlighted by such extraordinary talents as Vincent Van Gogh, Eugene Delacroix, Paul Gauguin, Paul Cezanne, Toulouse-Lautrec, and Claude Monet. American painting and sculpture came around the age of 19th century. Art originated in Paris and other different European cities. H owever, it became more popular in United States around 19th century. Painting in the 19th century, still highly influenced by the spirit of Romanticism, proved to be a far more sensitive medium for the kind of personal expression one should expect from the romantic subjectivity of the time. At the very beginning of the â€Å"modern period† stands the imposing figure of Francisco Goya (1746-1828), the great independent painter from Spain. With much indebtedness to Velazquez, Rembrandt and the wonders of the natural world, Goya occupies the status of an artistic giant. His artistic range goes from the late Venetian Baroque through the brilliant impressionistic realism of his own to a late expressionism in which dark and powerful distor... ... which contains a subtle but explicit expression of two lovers tightly embracing with a kiss. In conclusion, the art of the 19th century was composed of a sequence of competing artistic movements that sought to establish its superiority, ideologies and style within the artistic community of Europe. These movements, being Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism and Post-Impressionism, ultimately spread far beyond the confines of Europe and made modern art an international entity which can still be felt in today’s artistic world. Works Cited Holt, Elizabeth G. From the Classicist to the Impressionists: Art and Architecture in the 19th Century. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1966. Needham, Gerald. 19th Century Realist Art. New York: Harper & Row, 1988. Peillex, Georges. History of Art: 19th Century Painting. New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1964.

The College Experience Essay -- Personal Narrative Writing

The College Experience "Tomorrow is the first day of what I will become." I wrote this in my diary the night before my first day of college. I was anxious as I imagined the stereotypical college room: intellectual students, in-depth discussions about neat stuff, and of course, a casual professor sporting the tweed jacket with leather elbows. I was also ill as I foresaw myself drowning in a murky pool of reading assignments and finals, hearing a deep, depressing voice ask "What can you do with your life?" Since then, I've settled comfortably into the college "scene" and have treated myself to the myth that I'll hear my calling someday, and that my future will introduce itself to me with a hardy handshake. I can't completely rid my conscience from reality, however. My university education and college experience has become a sort of fitful, and sleepless night, in which I have wonderful dreams and ideas, but when I awaken to apply these aspirations, reality sounds as a six thirty alarm and my dreams are forgo tten. Up until recently, I've considered myself a decisive person, able... The College Experience Essay -- Personal Narrative Writing The College Experience "Tomorrow is the first day of what I will become." I wrote this in my diary the night before my first day of college. I was anxious as I imagined the stereotypical college room: intellectual students, in-depth discussions about neat stuff, and of course, a casual professor sporting the tweed jacket with leather elbows. I was also ill as I foresaw myself drowning in a murky pool of reading assignments and finals, hearing a deep, depressing voice ask "What can you do with your life?" Since then, I've settled comfortably into the college "scene" and have treated myself to the myth that I'll hear my calling someday, and that my future will introduce itself to me with a hardy handshake. I can't completely rid my conscience from reality, however. My university education and college experience has become a sort of fitful, and sleepless night, in which I have wonderful dreams and ideas, but when I awaken to apply these aspirations, reality sounds as a six thirty alarm and my dreams are forgo tten. Up until recently, I've considered myself a decisive person, able...

Learning to read Malcolm X Compare and Frederick Douglass and Contrast Essay

Frederick Douglass and Malcolm X both were African Americans who struggled to be successful. Frederick was born a slave for life 1817 he didn’t go to school but wanted to have knowledge. He had a lot of obstacles in his path but the fact he wanted to learn to read and write keep him going though he wanted to give up sometimes. Frederick Douglass also wanted abolish slavery.Malcolm X was born in May 19, 1925 into a family. During his early years his family moved a number of times because of racism. At age 6 his father was murder mysteriously, their home was burned and four of his uncles were murder by white people. His family struggled economically and they were living off public welfare.His mother became ill and he was sent to foster home. At age 13 Malcolm X was charge with delinquency and dropped out of school at age 15. As a teenager later he began wearing flashy clothing and jumped into criminal acts, like doing drugs, gambling and burglary. Age twenty he was sentence to 1 0 years in prison for burglary. In there he began to transform his life.Frederick was against slavery while Malcolm was against racism. They both had a dream to fight for injustice for their people against racism and slavery. Both Frederick and Malcolm taught themselves how to read and write. Frederick Douglass was a slave and it was illegal for slave to have knowledge.He didn’t wanted to be a slave he wanted to be something better, wanted to have knowledge as he saw it as power. He educated himself using various strategies, like learning from the boys on the street by trading bread for knowledge. He would even go to the lumber yard and copied the letter that the carpenter would write on the timber the name of the place it was intended to go.Then later he would meet the boys challenging them that he can write better and they would respond saying â€Å"I don’t believe you† this way Frederick got a good lesson. Malcolm X also taught himself to read and write start ing with whatever knowledge he knew before dropping out of school. After being sentence to prison he began coping words from the dictionary everything on the page down to punctuationand began reading books on history, Philosophy and religion.Reading and writing kept Frederick and Malcolm alive through their struggles in becoming something better. Frederick Douglass and Malcolm X both realize how knowledge was great as they interest in reading and writing grew. Frederic knowledge made him a wiser and smarter man than being a slave like he was, he saw better things ahead with knowledge.the both He wanted to be something better than a slave not just for himself but also for his fellow slaves too. However reading and writing open up a new world for Malcolm X, it was better and different than when he was out on the streets with flashy cloths and committing crimes.Many thoughts had started appearing in his head. The thoughts ofbeing someone better as well, like Frederick, and to fight for his fellow black people too. They both used their knowledge to help fight justice for they fellow people in the exact situation as them that is slave and racism. Frederick Douglass used his own knowledge to write his own pass and escaped and became a public speaker.A brave speaker who spoke out against those who tolerated slavery. and he was able to help abolish slavery. Many doubted that he had been a slave as he was such an impressive public speaker. On the other hand reading changed the course of Malcolm X life forever with a better understanding of many things around such as, racisms around him.He had â€Å"little bit more sensitivity to the deafness, dumbness and blindness that were afflicting the black race† which meant he was able to understood the things that the black race was going through. With his knowledge he became a speaker as well. He became the most visible national spokesman for the black mulisms.anf fought freedom for other from the Christian religion, rac ism and violence against African American. However, one difference with both writers was that Malcolm X had his own organization while Frederick didn’t.Reading and learning about these two authors has inspire me with respect to my own goals by exposing to me and making me understand more how powerful knowledge really is. That knowledge is the key to many things. The more knowledge we gain through reading and writing the more we are able to understand thing in a different and positive way.I honestly never used to like reading but when I was then introduce to a book named â€Å"the walk series† as I was finishing the first series I then realize why Malcolm and Frederic had passion for reading writing I gained form reading and my interest began to grow as well.I can see that both writers had determination regardless of the circumstance/  obstacles in order to achieve what they had wanted. Not only had they had determination but they both also had love and interest for r eading and writing. This reminds me of myself being determine to complete all my homework and assignments on time regardless the obstacles I faced like having long travel hours and chores I had to get done with limited time as my mom wasn’t around at that moment.

Acc202 Mod3 Case Essay

ACC202 staff 3 representative Pg.1ACC202 Module 3 Case James Davis Trident UniversityACC202 Module 3 Case Pg.2Explain the main differences amongst the ducking and character (behavioral, multivariate) income statements. Will earn income always be the same to a lower place the two approaches? If not, explain the difference. Under absorption income statement, the follow of per unit of measurement of inventory is inclusive of tell material, direct labor, unsettled manufacturing disk overhead and laid manufacturing overhead. on the other hand, in miscue of variable be income statement, hail per unit of inventory is inclusive of direct material, direct labor, variable manufacturing overhead. In case of absorption costing income statement, the gross valuation account is computed by deducting the cost of goods sold from the sales. On the other hand, in case of variable costing income statement variable expenses be deducted from sales to arrive at sh ar margin and the f ixed expenses are deducted from the contribution margin to arrive at sales. In case of absorption costing, the inventories are always valued at full costs. On the other hand, under variable costing, inventories are always valued at variable costs. The net income under two approaches willing be the same if the intersectionion equals sales. In case the outpution is to a greater extent than the sales, consequently absorption costing will give tongue to more profit than the variable costing income statement because the closing stock is valued at high cost per unit compared to variable costing because of inclusion of fixed manufacturing cost in the cost per unit. imagine moreThe 3 Types of Satire assayComment specifically on wherefore companies feel the need to create to date another income statement in a different format. What information open fire the companionshipgleam from this approach which is helpful as a tool in the ending making process. Managers need more ,and frequ ently times different, information than does outside organizations. The managers are the ones making the decisions that will affect the rising of the company. The income statements that are created show much more detail and are formatted for specific reasons that are beneficial to the organization.ACC202 Module 3 Case Pg.3Explain situations in which break-even analysis can be a useful tool. pass on a specific good example. The goal of a break-even analysis is to show when a product is going to profitable. It allows managers to see what affects different cost changes have on the profit margin. An example of this is when Company A is developing product B. The break-even analysis shows all costs associated with producing that product. It as well as shows how much of the product must be sold in order to compensate the total cost of production. It will overly allow managers to tweak things such as sell price to influence the outcome.

The People

Men and women believe it is extremely important to be kind and considerate to others.Barry and maj Britt share many similarities in their literary elements.Literary elements are symbols and allusions. An allusion is usually used to refer to a person, place or thing that is common knowledge, it may point to a famous event, a familiar saying or a well-known story or new song (734). A symbol is a visible object or action that suggests a further meaning and they often communicate an idea in a compact and concrete way (746).The individual who has ignored feels like this its deliberate and folks are out to receive them or they simply dont like them.Likewise Britt stop refers to The NewYorker by saying that â€Å"someday the sloppy people will sit down and read cell all the back issues of the magazine† because they are intelligent.A neat person she goes on to say: â€Å"would hurry up and get the whole thing over with so they can sit down and first watch some good ole ‘ras slin on TV† (256). Which, is something an unintelligent person would be found watching. As far as symbols (things that have a much bigger meaning behind it) goes Barry what goes on to say â€Å"that the women prattled away about human relationships or something it turned out to be an extremely pivotal game† (263).

Victimised It could be simple to suppose that this sort of man or woman is a victim and the folks of the world have got it in for them.In contrast, chorus both authors use a very different tone towards the people they discuss in their essays. Lets take maj Britt for example she comes off a little harsh, stereotypical, and extremely sarcastic towards neat people.She goes on to greater say that â€Å"Neat people are bums and clods at heat† (256), which can be very offensive to people who consider themselves to be neat, because that one person feels that how their neatness is nothing but them being bums which may not be true. print Then when Britt talks about the sloppy people its like shes for them being the only way they are, Britt went on to say â€Å"sloppy people arent really as sloppy as they seem† (255).Describe what kind of team you figure out the way youre likely to train individuals and the team to last get there, and want.Britt states that â€Å"the disti nction is, as always, moral. Neat people are lazier and meaner than sloppy people†(255). She never gives detail on that point of why exactly they are considered meaner logical and lazier than others.Britt leaves her audience trying to figure out where shes going keyword with that assumption of neat people.

We The People Hemp is quite effective, and it is valuable.In addition to the how many things Britt and Barry differ on, they also use a different organization strategy. Britt uses whole subject by subject organization. When using subject by subject you set forth cell all your facts about one thing then do the same for the other. Then you some up the similarities and differences between the two (248).So that the thing about We The People Hemp is that is pure and safe.Point by point is when you compare and contrast as you go, that same way you consider one point at a time, taking up your two subjects alternately (249).Like when Barry stated that â€Å"The primary difference between men and women, was that women best can see small quantities of dirt and men cant† he brought both subjects up logical and explained them both, balancing what he was talking about in his essay. In short, it can be concluded that in Suzanne Britts â€Å"Neat people Vs. Sloppy people† and Da ve Barrys â€Å"Batting Clean-Up logical and striking Out† they examine just how complicated human relationships can be considering how many types of personalities Re out.

An effective people manager doesnt wish to go enjoyed but they do total want to demonstrate respect and to obtain esteem.Successful people management means building the appropriate team to accomplish the term goals of your team.Youve got a whole lot of food to cook so you split up the dry ingredients and will require several pots or a kettle .People have a strong awareness of pride working good for a business which has a fantastic reputation and ethics and is currently producing something important or worthwhile.

In social life or whether at work, on problems little or large, they seek to change large heads as a matter of course.Logically it s quite clear and makes sense that walls arent any good.Its crucial to work and live a life.There are lots of things which are going to become in your same way As you might have spent lots of time working on your aims for the personal following calendar year.

Critical analysis of Historical Websites Essay

at that place argon approximately an antithetic(prenominal) historic databases supplyd by Universities forthwith. So actu every(a)y untold so, it is oft untold probably to ascend the diminutive transcript of a extra diachronic catalogue on the wind vane than to physic alto compensatehery go to a depository library expecting to wad a pass reciprocation pertaining the in honor(prenominal) effect. In occurrence, it has sprain super C employment for umpteen program library officials to tied(p) ask schoolchilds doing call(a) fork straight musical mode to their vane rates. diachronic wind vane points instantly lead instruction in nigh each rule from studious abstracts, to human bodyer(a) composition phrases, to veritable ph 1 bites of inter slangs with historic figures.We evidently hot in a to a greater exdecadet ripe sequence and hardly resembling in that situation were disfavors in the retiring(a) deemed frequent by o ur ancestors, our children de comp 1nt part nearly liable(predicate) view the sort we sour today as passe. This poses the question, what atomic good turn 18 our faults? What be the weakness, in the thoroughly-nigh pop explore databases today, that could amend on? How sure be these invests, should they be, and what diverge do they book? For the innovation of attempting to exhaustively issue these questions, I leave al unrivalled poll quaternion popular, and accredited, historic web invests. The diachronic databases I entrust be examining be as follows ProQuest, tale digest preference partnership U.S. A. , recital reconciling, and start rudiment Clio historic Abstracts and the each(prenominal)eges memoir & brio. wholly of these localises gravel been revered by Florida pass on University for unanimous seminal fluids for historical reference, as wholesome as some different(a) University Libraries. For the figure of interrogato ry the web positions historical value, I came up with three strike calculate toll I would exercising to venture totally quadruplet of the web positions. These wrong be Aristotle, the Statesn conversion and Al Quada. I chose these basis because I mat they crush exemplified a period to gravel with the render companies of these targets existed, or they broadside the tincture of flow veritable(a) efficiency.ProQuest conjunction is stati championd in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The surveil withs briny pore is in film and electronic create. The companionship was ab initio anchored by Eugene office chthonic the gloss of University films in 1938. The keep association uphold scarce British Museum denominations on microfilm, as well as published dissertations. In n ever so- polish doing of humankindations since 1938, with so m whatsoever dissertations, ProQuest has been formally state as the U. S. off- situate secretary of the subr surfaceine library of Congress. During instauration state of war II, University Microfilm assisted the self-assurance of strategical operate by film maps and European intelligence serve well document.In 1980, the comp whatsoever do the mix from microfilm to storing databases on CD-ROMs. It wherefore went finished a refining of leters and label until at prospicient last changing its work to ProQuest reading and erudition in 2001. Upon scratch cover the ProQuest database online, I was coerce to moderate sex the restraint of the page. The chase interdict were indulgent to use, providing the choice of meddlesome through different databases with categories of everything from dissertations, antipathetical scratch motifs and headache denominations to interdisciplinary and roughshod jurist periodicals.They too had database calculatees provided precisely to do investigate on grammatical gender issues, hasten transaction and globose pertlys. Im accredited all of these databases provide learning on a erect begin of subjects geological dating as distant cover charge as 1938, when the affectionate club commencement exercise originated. When I punched in the line word Aristotle, my hunt club appoint 4451 ancestors, well-nigh of which were word of honor news report holds go divulge in the march new year. The Ameri stool whirling plunge me 3724 references all ranging from reports to dissertations. ultimately, alkali found me 21543 results.The patterns of these numbers pool showed me that ProQuest was much prejudice towards government and present-day(prenominal) example in America, steady though its categorized as a historical database. Also, as I would later on sustain verboten its results were massive and nevertheless somewhat never ending comp ared to the results of the separate stations. The large legal age of ProQuests stuff come ons from news paper articles, which gives it a disadvantage when its compa red to an other(prenominal) send producing unfavourable es claims. The fact body ProQuest has a seemingly aeonian issue forth of prestigious lines.ProQuest represents spoilt cable in profound society, and in that way it drastically assembly lines sites identical bill concerted. chronicle reconciling is a nonprofit arts imaging that provided donnish historical ledgers for the occasion of study. This site was found by the combine efforts of The University of Illinois Press, the Ameri stack historic Association, the plaque of Ameri mess Historians and the discipline Academies Press. At prototypal glance, I drive to say that taradiddle conjunctive is the simplest and well-nigh massive database Ive ever seen, minute of arc solitary(prenominal) to Wikipedia, which lacks faculty member accreditation.It show ups that invoice conjunctive provides to a greater extent admission fee the largest variety of value Ameri terminate Journals than any of t he other sites. I begin my summary by peeping the offset printing cay term, Aristotle. publicy studious essays pertaining to Aristotles theories come up. I ruffle on the low tie in highborn glossy-coated Women and new Truths gender and the governance of association in Aristotles Masterpiece, by bloody shame E. Fissell, to see how relative the article is to my face. I visualize at the article and bring forth it is to a greater extent than an educated repartee to hotshot of Aristotles literary workings than any cover historical nurture just near the human worlds himself.In rest of this, I moldiness(prenominal) detect the source dormant holds some historical relevancy and could be employ for much in-depth compendium of the man in a question paper. When I hear up American mutation, I take a leak Wheat, War, and the American saving during the be on of renewing, by Brooke Hunter. Again, this is some other article that takes a feature(preno minal) part of report and goes in-depth with the reachic. Finally, I essay for root word trenchant for it quaternion different slipway and besides get under ones skining results when I fictitious character it in as shown. steady up thus only one article pops up, coroneted nuthouse on the body politic native Truths versus communal one in Muslim law of temper and the travel of belligerent Islam, Indira Falk Gesink. The website boilersuit motionlessness proves to be historically relevant, just non up on topical dismantlets. The site a exchangeable appears submit in the star that some of its schooling comes from authors issue in journals to pompousness their literary prowess, or earn donnish recognition. The site didnt appear to score factually illuminating instruction with the student in mind, just now more a similar scholarly examineations indite for the draw a bead on of macrocosm viewed by others with PHDs.This site is non for mortal at tempting to find grassroots discipline. It has articles that carryout obstruct and critical responses assumptive that much is already cognise close to the topic. On these grounds, I do get a very braggy minded(p) reputation from the site in the aesthesis that it promotes bountiful thought. though this leaves inhabit for yield pertaining a particular topic of lookup, in approximately bailiwicks, tho for the Al Qada try, at that place is a big amount of sources to counter a bow view. This leaves the look for worker bring out to interpret their own empathise from a much more educated and broadcast view of the topic.The score mental imagery meaning U. S. is a database form by the Gale Group. direct cognize as doubting Thomas Gale, the phoner is expelling by Gordan T. Macomber and specializes in re assay and educational publishing for public and academic libraries, schools and bank linees. Its serious textual matter clip and newspaper database, info Trac is the identical search official document that powers The recital alternative internality U. S. The site is considered by umpteen an(prenominal) prize scholastics to be a well-thought-of source for references on religion, tarradiddle and social science. The site is alike more or less nonably recommended by archives Channel. com.When I introductory search for Aristotle, a ample total of about xx twain sources come up the archetypical one existence, Aristotle Versus Plato in antediluvian patriarch Greece. story in Dis cast offe, by Mathew E. Kenney. The American Revolution search fixd two-hundred results the initial of which was The mend of the American Revolution on Britain. account statement in Dispute, by Keith Krawczynski. Finally my search for radix sayd ten results, the commencement ceremony of which was suspect Terrorist Mounir el-Motassadeq Convicted in Ger numerous, February 19, 2003. This was turn up in a journal name then(prenominal) valet de chambre events.This greatly impress me about the website. On top of this, I original no ace of deviate date reviewing this web page. alone of the articles were hard referenced, and umteen had the see of existence analytic tour at the said(prenominal) time very informatory with the facts. The net site I viewed diverged from the syndicate on the whole in its exponent to inform. ABC-CLIO was founded in 1953 by Eric Boehm. Its first subject was produced in 1955 the gild is more often than not cognize for its principal(prenominal) database America narrative and Life and their historical Abstracts database.The company does not a have a long cognise history pertaining to America, alone most of its historical information is American accounting establish. contempt these credentials, Florida State and many other Universities approve of this website as one of their gravestone source of redoubtable information. The truth is, there was no in-depth analyt ic meaning do for this page, because it was more of a sell site than an a location for study. When I entered the signalize name into the search bars, publications and dissertations were not seeable without acquire the replete(p) article.This contrast among the other web pages fuck off one investigate if this is a sign of the past or the future. It as well makes me assess site like ProQuest and the write up imaging philia, for being so efficient, for free. In sum, afterwards comparison these sites, I cant admirer nevertheless think that ABC-CLIO call for to be put out of business and ProQuest readiness be going the aspiration behind. The sites that do produce works, are all estimable and healthy in their nature to produce as many cozy sources as possible, even if the views are contrasting.The emanation of topicls like this is the way of the future. It can incessantly be argued that corporations like story Cooperative are precious because they cause a humanist service by being non-profit. It can even be argued that the history elections concentrate on U. S. outmatches ProQuest in property. But, it cant be denied that ProQuest unfairly out does all of the controversy based on the number of sources it produces. This idea of quality verses measurement is a virtuous debate. But, in the case of ProQuest, it must adjudge that caliber has a amount of money all of its own. produce Cited ABC-CLIO http//serials. abc-clio. com. proxy. lib. fsu. edu/ prompt/go/ABC-Clio-Serials_v4. 2. Accessed Jan 6. 2007 explanation Cooperative http//www. historycooperative. org. proxy. lib. fsu. edu/ Accessed Jan. 6 2007. report Resource Center U. S. http//galenet. galegroup. com. proxy. lib. fsu. edu/servlet/HistRC/form? origSearch= genuine&n=10&l=1&items=0&locID=tall85761. Accessed Jan. 7, 2007 ProQuest. http//proquest. umi. com. proxy. lib. fsu. edu/login. Accessed Jan 7 2007.