the real world Essay -- essays research papers

The Real World?     "This is the true story of s point strangers picked to live in a noggin and have their lives taped. Find out what happens when people stop being polite and start getting real, so starts every episode of a favourite TV visual aspect on MTV called The Real World. This show is based on the liking of having no script or actors, and to just see what happens when strangers live unitedly and interact with each other for three months. This show has been on for over a decade now and is still a popular show even though throughout the last ten years the show has changed in many ways. It has changed in the people, places, and activities that make up the Real World. Through the shows history The Real World has become less of a reality show and more of a circus show.      In the early 1990s was the scratch line time that The Real World aired on MTV. This show was different than any other show that had ever appeared on national television. What made this show so different was the lack of a script or actors. This genre of television was named reality television. When developing the idea of The Real World executives at MTV cute to make a primetime soap opera but where having difficulties coming up with the funding to hire actors and writers, so their solution was to eliminate these aspects of a show. There idea was then to have seven strangers ages eighteen to twenty five live together and see if the American public could catch on to ...

Travels Through the Rhineland Essay -- Travel Writing Descriptive Ess

On mountain peak the gods abode resplendent shines the proud-standing hall (From Wagners rabbit Rheingold, qtd. in Evensen) My friend dropped me off at the Kln Hauptbahnhof under the warm summer afternoon. The give instruction station was nearly under the shade of the Klner Dom, the large chivalric cathedral of Kln. I had first seen the Dom at night when it was partially illumed by floodlights and the moon, though most of it remained in shadows. The twin black spires hung over me and I stood, marveling underneath the 600 year old Gothic spectacle without knowing fully what I was experiencing. But between the midnight and the 500 foot sooty towers I was compelled to fault and rebound some of the cathedrals light. In the train station I marveled at the schedule board as it fluttered rhythmically when its times changed. I boarded a train for Mannheim and it turn out of Kln into the countryside of the Rhineland. The countryside was definitely different from what I was used to in Canada and I did enjoy the pleasant scenery. But I must strike that I was not wholly concerned with taking in the splendor and that my memory of my travel down the Rhine is limited (it was only a two minute of arc voyage by train after all). However, I found that the more Romantic descriptions of the Rhine I film the more my memory was restored. Also, as I read I begin to understand my experience differently and new sensations on those old memories are evoked. The day was perfect for travel the weather was warm except not uncomfortable, and the sky was a matte cerulean though it was speckled throughout the journey with cirrus and cumulus clouds. As far as I underside remember, the train followed the Rhine for most of the journey to Mannheim where I caught another... ...ts of text and music in Wagner. 2 Apr. 2005 http//www.trell.org/wagner/multi.html. Miall, David. Wordsworth Rhine (3). Romanticism The CD-ROM. Oxford Blackwell, 1997. Rhine. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2 Apr. 2005. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine. Radcliffe, Ann. Excerpts from A Journey make in the Summer of 1794 through Holland and the Western Frontier of Germany, with a Return Down the Rhine to which are added, Observations During a Tour to the Lakes of Lancashire, Westmoreland, and Cumberland. Romanticism The CD-ROM. Oxford Blackwell Publishing, 1997. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus. Oxford get a line Gutenberg, 1993. 2 Apr. 2005 http//www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext93/frank14.txt. Wordsworth, William. Tintern Abbey. Romanticism An Anthology. Ed. Duncan Wu. Oxford Blackwell Publishing, 1998. Travels Through the Rhineland Essay -- Travel Writing Descriptive EssOn mountain peak the gods abode resplendent shines the proud-standing hall (From Wagners Das Rheingold, qtd. in Evensen) My friend dropped me off at the Kln Hauptbahnhof under the warm summer afternoon. The train station was nearly under the shade of the Klner Dom, the great Gothic cat hedral of Kln. I had first seen the Dom at night when it was partially illumed by floodlights and the moon, though most of it remained in shadows. The twin black spires hung over me and I stood, marveling underneath the 600 year old Gothic spectacle without knowing fully what I was experiencing. But between the midnight and the 500 foot sooty towers I was compelled to pause and reflect some of the cathedrals light. In the train station I marveled at the schedule board as it fluttered rhythmically when its times changed. I boarded a train for Mannheim and it rolled out of Kln into the countryside of the Rhineland. The countryside was definitely different from what I was used to in Canada and I did enjoy the pleasant scenery. But I must admit that I was not wholly concerned with taking in the splendor and that my memory of my travel down the Rhine is limited (it was only a two hour journey by train after all). However, I found that the more Romantic descriptions of the Rhine I read th e more my memory was restored. Also, as I read I begin to understand my experience differently and new sensations on those old memories are evoked. The day was perfect for travel the weather was warm but not uncomfortable, and the sky was a matte cerulean though it was speckled throughout the journey with cirrus and cumulus clouds. As far as I can remember, the train followed the Rhine for most of the journey to Mannheim where I caught another... ...ts of text and music in Wagner. 2 Apr. 2005 http//www.trell.org/wagner/multi.html. Miall, David. Wordsworth Rhine (3). Romanticism The CD-ROM. Oxford Blackwell, 1997. Rhine. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2 Apr. 2005. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine. Radcliffe, Ann. Excerpts from A Journey Made in the Summer of 1794 through Holland and the Western Frontier of Germany, with a Return Down the Rhine to which are added, Observations During a Tour to the Lakes of Lancashire, Westmoreland, and Cumberland. Romanticism The CD-ROM. Oxford B lackwell Publishing, 1997. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus. Oxford Project Gutenberg, 1993. 2 Apr. 2005 http//www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext93/frank14.txt. Wordsworth, William. Tintern Abbey. Romanticism An Anthology. Ed. Duncan Wu. Oxford Blackwell Publishing, 1998.

Faith Evans :: essays research papers

In spite of the fact that Faith Evans carved out a recording career in her own right, her name will forever remain linked in the minds of many to her late husband the Notorious B.I.G. Evans was an active session singer and songbird before signing her own solo deal and marrying Biggie, and while she never matched the level of his stardom, she continued to come into her own as a vocalist in the years after his untimely death. Faith Evans was born on June 10, 1973, and grew up in Newark, NJ, where she began singing in church at the mere age of two. A high school honor student, she sang in her schools musical productions before winning a full scholarship to Fordham University. After just unmatchable year, though, she odd college to put her jazz and classical training to use in the field of contemporary RB. It didnt take her long to find work and over the next few years, she sang backup and wrote songs for artists like Hi-Five, Mary J. Blige, Pebbles, Al B. Sure, Usher, Tony Thompson, and Christopher Williams. Thanks to her work on Bliges 1994 sophomore effort, My Life, Evans met producer/impresario Sean "Puffy" Combs, who signed her to his Bad male child label. In 1995, Evans released her debut album, Faith, which went platinum on the strength of the hit RB singles "You Used to Love Me" and "Soon as I Get Home." The resembling year, she met fellow Bad Boy artist the Notorious B.I.G. (some accounts say at a photo shoot, others a phone conversation) and married him after a causa of just nine days shortly thereafter, she guested on a remix of his smash single "One More Chance."      Over the next couple of years, Evans continued her under-the-table work, performing and writing for records by the likes of Color Me Badd and LSG. She and Biggie also had a son, Christopher Wallace Jr., in late 1996 however, by that point, their marriage had already become strained. Biggie had publicly taken up with rapper Lil Kim and rumors had been spreading about an Evans liaison with Biggies rival 2Pac (alluded to on 2Pacs venomous "Hit Me Off"). The couple had unofficially separated when Biggie was shot and killed in border 1997. A grief-stricken Evans was prominently featured on the Puff Daddy tribute single "Ill Be Missing You," which with its cribbed Police hook zoomed to the top of the charts and became one of the years biggest hits.

Frankenstein as a Modern Cyborg? Essays -- Frankenstein essays

Frankenstein as a fresh Cyborg? The creature (demon) created by Victor Frankenstein in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein, or, The Modern Prometheus occupies a space that is neither quite male nor quite feminine, although he is clearly both created as a male and desires to be in the masculine role. Judith Halberstam describes this in-between-ness as being one of the primary characteristics of the Gothic monster--being in a space thats not easily classified or categorized, and therefore being rendered complex and monstrous. Donna J. Haraway posits that the post-modern science fiction cyborg occupies a similar in-between space, or, perhaps, a non-space. Similarly, Cathy Griggs argues that the post-modern lesbian is linked to this notion of the cyborg. The lesbian is rendered monstrous in social handle by her desire to ascend into the phallic privilege, connecting this in-between-ness as both a monstrous trait and a cybernetic one. Further, the trans sexual urge man (female-to-male) occup ies a similar winding space and provides us with a post-modern link to Frankensteins creature, as both are surgically constructed men, a construction that, in the eyes of society, renders them monstrous (particularly for trans-men who cant pass). Frankensteins creature embodies gender transgression on two levels, both of which are the fuel for Victors horror the first being the creatures status as being a surgically constructed male, the help being Victors own gender transgression in co-opting the feminine trait of reproduction, transforming his laboratory into a virtual womb. Given the scientific origin of the creature, as considerably as both its and Victors unstable gender, is it possible that the modern Gothic monster pre-fi... ...th. Gender Trouble Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York Routledge, 1990. Griggers, Cathy. Lesbian Bodies in the while of (Post)mechanical Reproduction. Fear of a Queer Planet. Ed. Michael Warner. Minneapolis U of Minnesota P, 1993. 1 78-192. Halberstam, Judith. Skin Shows Gothic Horror and the Technology of Monsters. Second ed. Durham Duke UP, 1995. Haraway, Donna J. The Promises of Monsters A Regenerative Politics for Inappropriate/d Others. Cultural Studies. Eds. Lawrence Grossberg, Cary Nelson and Paula A. Treichler. New York Routledge, 1992. 295-337. Haraway, Donna J. Simians, Cyborgs, and Women The Reinvention of Nature. New York Routledge, 1991. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus. 1983 ed. New York The Penguin Group, 1963. Zizek, Slavoj. The Sublime Object of Ideology. London Verso, 1989.

Sound and Image in Motion Pictures Essay -- Sound Image Movies Films E

level-headed and Image in Motion PicturesMotion pictures and television are audio-visual mediums and so of course steep both our visual and aural senses. The meaning and emotion of a piece is commonly thought to come from the image and that the sound at best unsloped duplicates the meanings from the image. For example Aaron Copland has said that a composer can do no more than make potent through euphony the films dramatic and emotional value. (http// meshing.archive.org/web/20041210081146/http//citd.scar.utoronto.ca/VPAB93/) Sound does however perform much more important, intricate and complex functions than commonly accepted. Sound combines with base pictures in various ways to create meaning alone is diverse and has numerous other uses.This essay will show ways that sound enhances and creates meaning in combination with moving image as easy as showing some of the many other possible functions of sound use combined with this mediumThe sound track is produced separately from t he image and includes tether ingredients Dialogue/voice, sound effects and music. The three elements of the sound track can work together and independently to create meaning and to produce different effects. medicament combines with, adds to and enhances moving image in many ways. It can heighten and refine emotion as well as meaning. Music, through tone and instrument filling can create the mood of a piece and of and towards its char inciteers. Music is commonly used to give a sense of continuity and unity to a mathematical product and to possible sequels. Music can give a sense of time and place as well as to help create the ambience or feel to a piece. Another function of music is to create, replicate and increase or decrease the sense of rhythm to and of a piece. Music can act as a precursor to events in a story and also to direct the audience to a particular part/s of the image.Finally music can work independently and in combination with sound effects to give a sense of genr e, time and setting.One way music combines with moving images to create meaning is through leitmotifs. A character, group of characters or action has a motif that explains who the good guys or bad guys are or that a specific type of situation or action is about to unfold. In Star Wars the rebels have a powerful, uplifting victorious sounding leitmotif that combines with the wearable worn by the rebels and ot... ...und. Composer Leonard Rosenman said, There is a symbiotic catalytic exchange-relationship between the film and the music that accompanies it. musically unenlightened people comment positively on a score after seeing the film. I have played these same people the same score without telling them that it came from the film they had seen. Their reactions ranged from luke-warm to positive rejection(http//web.archive.org/web/20041210081146/http//citd.scar.utoronto.ca/VPAB93/)BibliographyBordwell, D, Thompson, Kristin. , (1990), Film Art, McGraw-Hill Bordwell, D., Thompson, K., Staiger, K., (1988), The Classical Hollywood Cinema film style and mode of production to 1960, London, Routledge,Blandford, S. et al. (2001), The Film Studies Dictionary, London, Arnold. Gibbs, J., (2002), Mise-en-scne, London, WallflowerRene, C. , (1951), Reflexion faite Notes cinematograhique, Paris Gallimard.Stam, R. (2000), Film Theory An Introduction, Oxford, Blackwell Publishers. weather vane Referenceshttp//web.archive.org/web/20041210081146/http//citd.scar.utoronto.ca/VPAB93/ http//lavender.fortunecity.com/ hawkslane/575 /dialogue-and-sound.htm

Sound and Image in Motion Pictures Essay -- Sound Image Movies Films E

Sound and Image in Motion PicturesMotion pictures and television are audio- visual mediums and so of course engage both our visual and aural senses. The heart and soul and emotion of a piece is commonly thought to come from the mental image and that the hard at best just duplicates the meanings from the image. For example Aaron Copland has verbalize that a composer can do no more than make potent through music the films dramatic and emotional value. (http//web.archive.org/web/20041210081146/http//citd.scar.utoronto.ca/VPAB93/) Sound does however coif much more important, intricate and complex functions than commonly accepted. Sound combines with moving pictures in various ways to bring on meaning but is diverse and has numerous other uses.This essay will show ways that sound enhances and creates meaning in combination with moving image as well as demonstrate some of the many other possible functions of sound use combined with this mediumThe sound track is produced separately f rom the image and includes three ingredients Dialogue/voice, sound effects and music. The three elements of the sound track can contribute together and independently to create meaning and to produce different effects. medicinal drug combines with, adds to and enhances moving image in many ways. It can heighten and refine emotion as well as meaning. Music, through tone and instrument selection can create the mood of a piece and of and towards its characters. Music is commonly used to give a sense of continuity and unity to a production and to possible sequels. Music can give a sense of time and place as well as to help create the ambience or feel to a piece. Another function of music is to create, replicate and increase or decrease the sense of rhythm to and of a piece. Music can act as a precursor to events in a story and also to direct the audience to a particular part/s of the image.Finally music can work independently and in combination with sound effects to give a sense of genr e, time and setting.One way music combines with moving images to create meaning is through leitmotifs. A character, group of characters or action has a motif that explains who the good guys or bad guys are or that a specific image of situation or action is about to unfold. In Star Wars the rebels have a powerful, uplifting victorious sounding leitmotif that combines with the clothing worn by the rebels and ot... ...und. Composer Leonard Rosenman said, There is a symbiotic catalytic exchange-relationship between the film and the music that accompanies it. musically unenlightened people comment positively on a take a leak after seeing the film. I have played these same people the same score without telling them that it came from the film they had seen. Their reactions ranged from luke-warm to positive rejection(http//web.archive.org/web/20041210081146/http//citd.scar.utoronto.ca/VPAB93/)BibliographyBordwell, D, Thompson, Kristin. , (1990), Film Art, McGraw-Hill Bordwell, D., Thomps on, K., Staiger, K., (1988), The authorised Hollywood Cinema film style and mode of production to 1960, London, Routledge,Blandford, S. et al. (2001), The Film Studies Dictionary, London, Arnold. Gibbs, J., (2002), Mise-en-scne, London, WallflowerRene, C. , (1951), Reflexion faite Notes cinematograhique, Paris Gallimard.Stam, R. (2000), Film Theory An Introduction, Oxford, Blackwell Publishers.Web Referenceshttp//web.archive.org/web/20041210081146/http//citd.scar.utoronto.ca/VPAB93/ http//lavender.fortunecity.com/ hawkslane/575 /dialogue-and-sound.htm

Work Related Learning By Blended Learning Education Essay

Today, it is widely accepted by universities and employers that those pupils who gain work assure and maximize their acquisition from it be lending strongly both to their surveies and to their employability.This faculty allow supply you with the chance to critically beak your working patterns in footings of pedagogy manner stellar(a) alteration and working relationships and associate these to your ain experiences with a position to informing your personal maturation and your future calling.1.1 Module purposesThe purposes of the faculty argon to enable pupils to addition maximal personal development benefit from their work experience by means of a series of brooding and peer acquisition activities measure their work experience in footings of their subject particular erudition to widen their haul of the concern universe application of their schoolroom surveies.2.0 Learning results of the faculty2.1 Knowledge and UnderstandingSuccessful pupils volition typicallycritically assess direction manners and leading and how this affects the person in the workplace analyse barriers to and effectual patterns in constructing working relationships apply theory-based accounts of brooding pattern for personal development appreciate alteration, its beginnings and impact.2.1 Skills and PropertiesSuccessful pupils testament typically be able toreflect critically on ain acquisition and accomplishments in relation to personal and calling development demonstrate good developed societal and movable interpersonal accomplishments.critically observe direction manners and leading with a position to informing ain hereafter pattern.3.0 What nurture methods atomic number 18 employ on this faculty?The faculty is delivered through seminars delivered topical anaestheticly and through a one-hour hebdomadal presentation supported by Powerpoint slides and explanatory notes, posted up on StudyNet. The talks introduce you to theoretical tools and constructs in concert with pract ical direction illustrations. You are expected to develop your apprehension of both theory and pattern by independent reading and self contemplation utilizing the broad scope of e-book and electronic diary resources referred to in the talk and seminar support notes. These resources can be accessed through your StudyNet portal.Seminars testament take topographic point locally to each one hebdomad associating to a social unit of acquisition.In progress of each seminar, pupils will hold the randomness tolerated in this faculty usher and subsequent updates to place the relevant unit and seminar stuff and arrive at replies in progress to the inquiries scheduled for treatment on the twenty-four hours. Students will work through the electronically available readings developing their ain responses to the seminar treatment head by u spill the theoretical cognition and practical apprehension they have gained through survey of employment patterns, relevant talks and readings. When the y arrive at the seminar, the local coach will ease their treatment of the seminar inquiry. It is expected that different ways of replying each inquiry will go apparent. Through this experience, pupils are expected to compound their apprehension of the cardinal function played by arguments and dissensions in the procedure measuring issues.Students are active participants and subscribers to the faculty and its success. They are required to go acquainted(predicate) with the content of the chief texts and to enquiry and read around the topic as the faculty progresses.Seminar readying is an indispensable portion of the acquisition procedure and pupils should anticipate to extinguish several hours in readying for each hebdomad. They are required to pull on cognition of their work experience and from other concern subjects whilst developing their apprehension through interrogationing administrations, industries and instance surveies of emerging factors. As the faculty develops, through their active engagement, pupils should derive some consciousness of how the pupils and staff may be viewed as a acquisition system and develop self-reflective accomplishment set.Faculty agendaThe faculty is divided into 11 units of acquisition ( hebdomad 12 should be utilize for contemplation and alteration ) . For each unit of larning the followers will be suppliedMaterials aaathese will be a series of electronically available readings with narrative adhering the readings together in chase of the acquisition results, selected chapters from e-books with associating narrative.Presentation aa..this will represent up to one hr of lecture which will probably utilize PowerPoint slides with a voice over. These may be enhanced by the usage of picture cartridge holders, intelligence infusions and web based stuffSeminar aaaa.this will allow a series of seminar subjects which you are required to passel to reply in the seminar. The local coach will spark off as a facilitator and advisor to the seminar.Activity aaa..this is extra to the seminar and will be used to look into for pupil cognition and apprehension. Detailss of these will be linked to each larning unit and will be released each hebdomad. It will be used to look into pupil cognition and apprehension.Module agenda unit of measurement of measurements of LearningPresentations in the signifier of talks will give an overview of a learning unit. Seminars will research subjects in greater deepness and distill on the subjects given(p) below. This will include reenforcing cardinal constructs and theories comparing different positions and reexamining theoretical and empirical stuff that may be applied to your work topographic point experience.The underline in seminars is on pupil engagement and the treatment will be based on the readying and reading that has been undertaken by pupils.All talks and learning stuffs will be on StudyNet. Any notices, proclamations or alterations of agreements will be posted on S tudyNet and hence the site must be checked on a regular footing.5.0 Weekly programmeThe faculty unit subjects are listed below.Module unitsIntroductionContemplationAdministrations Structures, Forms and ProcessesManagement and LeadershipTeamsOrganizational ChangePull slay ChangePull offing ConflictCoachingGiving and Receiving FeedbackCareer DevelopmentThe hebdomadal Learning Materials Presentations Seminars and Activities will be produced in due class.5.0 estimation DetailssThe intent of the appraisal for this faculty is to prove whether, and to what extent, you have reached the acquisition results for the faculty.It is of import that you know early what the appraisal diet is and what is expected of you. Assessment standards stipulate what it is that you will be assessed against, and what, in general footings, you will necessitate to introduce in your assessed work in order to accomplish the specified classs. The appraisal for this faculty is deoxycytidine monophosphate % cou rsework-based. It consists of two pieces of coursework an separately prepared study ( 70 % ) and an individually presentation ( 30 % ) .a ) Assignment 1 Report ( 70 % )Individually, you are asked to fix a written study of 3,500 words presentationing an consciousness of the cognition, accomplishments and experience envisaged of a recent alumnus from this programme to come in an country of graduate employment. The research and self-reflection required to fix the study will back up you in your future calling planning and determinations and the passage to future chances after your undergraduate surveies.The general purpose of the assignment is to supply you with the chance todemonstrate consciousness of the different types of alumnus chances i.e. alumnus preparation strategies, professional callings, chances with Small and Medium size Enterprises ( SME ) etc provide grounds of how to research these chances i.e. resources available and contemplation on the usage of these develop an c onsciousness of the accomplishments, cognition and experiences Graduate Employers are looking for and how these are altering show the function of ego consciousness and contemplation in Career Development activities fix a CV /covering varsity letter as a generic calling direction tool to take you frontward during your calling develop a clear Career Development Plan as a progeny of sing your current cognition, accomplishments and experiences against the demands you have researched.You will have farther information sketching the demands of the assignment along with back uping resources, one time the faculty starts. There will be hebdomadal online treatment on the appraisal as the subjects of the faculty are explored ( and linked to the appraisal ) .The study should include the undermentioned plane sectionsSection 1 Occupational Research ( about 50- 60 % of word count ) . The first subdivision of the study should be as a factual contemplation of the findings from the commerce or co untry of graduate employment you have chosen to research. This should be written in the 3rd individual and include full Harvard referencing to all beginnings of information used ( inside informations of how to cite all types of resources is available on the Academic Skills unit site in the ASU Guide to Harvard Referencing see StudyNet ) .The undermentioned headers should be used this subdivisionFootings of mention What are you puting out to research and study on i.e. Graduate chances in the Tourism sectorMethodology How did you near transporting out your research? What beginnings of information did you utilize? Include both secondary resources i.e. studies, web sites, employment statistics, company literature and primary research talking with current alumnuss, reaching employers. ( card You are required to finish and subject the Graduate Employment Resources checklist as an appendices to back up this subdivision )Main Findings this should include the cardinal information s ing this business or country of employment in footings ofGeneral Employment trends in this sector / business the employment market by and large in this country, recent developments, predicted future tendencies.Opportunities for recent alumnuss what administrations are enrolling alumnuss in this country of employment? What types of function would a recent alumnus be making? Where are they publicise?The accomplishments / cognition and experience required a drumhead based on research of a lower limit of 6 different administrations of the cardinal accomplishments / cognition and experience expected from an applier at this phase in their callingHow are graduates selected in the administrations you have researched? what are the enlisting and choice methods being used? How are you expected to show your accomplishments / cognition / experience?Graduate Employment Resources checklist you are asked to finish this papers ( available on faculty site ) , to show that you have reflected on t he value of the different resources used during your research. This will be utile for you when you do farther research related to your calling planning in the hereafter. You should finish this at the terminal of your research and before get downing subdivision 2Section 2 Personal analysis, CV / screening missive readying, spread analysis , and Career Action program this subdivision is where you look at your current accomplishments, cognition and experience against those highlighted by your research in subdivision 1. This portion of the study should be written in the first individual as it is a personal contemplation.The suggested headers to be used in this subdivision arePersonal analysis a general reappraisal of your current accomplishments, cognition and experience, foregrounding in peculiar those that came up in your research.CV & A Covering missive Preparation of a CV and covering missive to use for a alumnus degree place in the country of your research, based on your cu rrent state of affairs.Gap Analysis this subdivision is where you look at your ain personal analysis against the demands identified in your research. The purpose is to foreground countries to concentrate your personal development about. Reflect on the undermentioned countries what countries do you miss grounds in? where do you necessitate farther illustrations / grounds in your applications? Where do you experience weak in your overall application?Career Action Plan Once you have identified the countries you need to concentrate on, you are asked to fix a Career action program which addresses both the personal development and specific calling related activities you will set about to take you frontward. This should be written out in full i.e. a paragraph on each country in the first individual, and you should explicate the actions and what you hope to derive from them. This should include the cognition, accomplishments and experiences you need to foster develop i.e. commercial consc iousness and specific activities to back up you through the choice procedure i.e. interview accomplishments, doing presentations etc. Both through your ain research, and utilizing the information heard during the talk Sessionss about resources and support available, you should come up with clear actions with timescales. You should demo the resources you will utilize to travel the country of development forward and the timescales you will finish these in. A drumhead papers should be attached as an appendix.Conclusion written in the first individual, a drawing contemplation on how you feel holding completed the overall exercising, and how you intend to utilize the Career Action Plan.Section 3 Mentions and bibliography see Academic Skills Unit Report Writing guide notes and Harvard citing papers for counsel. Both are available on StudyNet.

Horse and Depreciation Adjusted Basis

Comprehensive Problem Introduction Betty, whose tax rate is 33%, is in the business of breeding and locomote horses. Except for the transactions below, she has no other sales or exchanges and she has no unrecaptured net Sec. 1231 losses. Consider the following transactions that occur during the year * A construction with an adjusted stern of $300,000 is destroyed by fire. Insurance proceeds of $500,000 are received, but Betty does not plan to replace the building. The building was built 12 hoary age ago at a cost of $430,000 and used to provide lodging for her employees.Straight-line depreciation has been used. * Four acres of the farm are condemned by the state to put out the highway and Betty receives $50,000. The land was inherited from her mother 15 years ago when its FMV was $15,000. Her mother purchased the land for $10,300. Betty does not plan to purchase additional land. * A bangtail purchased four years ago for $200,000 was sold for $550,000. Total depreciation allowed using the straight-line method amounts to $160,000. * Equipment purchased three years ago for $200,000 is exchanged for $100,000 of IBM common stock. The adjusted basis of the equipment is $120,000.If straight-line depreciation had been used, the adjusted basis would be $152,000. * An uninsured pony with an adjusted basis of $20,000 and FMV of $35,000, which her daughter uses only for personal use, is injured while attempting a jump. Because of the injury, the uninsured pony has to be destroyed by a veterinarian. Task(s) a. What amount of Sec. 1245 ordinary income must be recognized? Sold for $200,000 Depreciation adjusted basiss of $152,000 $200,000-$152,000= $48,000 b. What amount of Sec. 1250 ordinary income must be recognized? From insurance $300,000 depreciation ordinary $430,000 300,000-430,000= -70,000 c. Will the loss resulting from the destruction of her daughters pony be used to determine net Sec. 1231 gains or losses? Yes d. What is the amount of the net Sec. 1231 gain o r loss? Theres a loss of $15,000 e. after(prenominal) all of the netting of gains or losses is completed, will the gain resulting from the involuntary conversion of the building be treated as LTCG? No the building is old and it would seem not to fall into that category f. What is the amount of her unrecaptured Sec. 1250 gain? I would say zero because she never really sold anything

Miss Ever’s Boys Film critique Essay

take out Evers Boys is a docudrama film that was produced by the HBO cable network. The movie explores honourable and social issues involved in the infamous Tuskegee Study. The study was about un inured black men with syphilis. The U.S. Public Health Service is said to have conducted a study among 600 black Americans from the years 1932 to 1972. This study was done in Macon County. This paper will exclusively explore the critique the overtop Evers Boys film using ethical frameworks. The ethical framework includes beneficence, justice, and respect for persons, duty-based ethics, virtue-based ethics, and the compensates-based ethics. The paper will identify how the above listed ethical principles were or were not portrayed in the film. Analysis of the ethical frameworksThe concept of beneficence states that the welfare of the participants should be every researchers goal of each clinical trial. The movie Miss Evers Boys, the U.S. Public Health Service did not mind the welfare of the participants. To start with, this study was to study a sexually transmitted affection called syphilis but not to provide its cure. Before involving anyone in this study, the U.S. Public Health Service should have sought masses consent with full account statement of the study to the participants. If U.S. Public Health Service minded the welfare of the people at all, they could have explained the study to the participants in order for them to choose whether they will be involved or not.However since they knew the consequences of the study, the U.S. Public Health Service was afraid that the people will not participate since the study was not offering any cure at all. This is against the bioethics of medical practice that requires the beneficence concept to be respected in any clinical research. So basically, it will be right field to say that beneficence ethical principle was not met in this film (Stripling, 2005). The concept of justice in research ethics requires that researc hers need to make a fair selection of participants.Therefore, there should be an ideal distribution of benefits and risks and benefits while conducting a clinical research. In the movie, Miss Evers Boys, only blacks were include in the study. The study recruited 600 black men and none white person. To start with, this was discrimination of the highest order. This means that only the black men were at the risk of dying, considering that they treated them with placebos. This means that only the black mens lives were endangered while the bioethics requires that the risk to be distributed equally (B. Miss Evers Boys and the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 2013). Respect for persons means that people have a right to fully exercise their autonomy.Here, people need to be given a chance to make their own choices. In the film, Miss Evers Boys, it is clear that the participants were not respected at all. The first show of disrespect was when the U.S. Public Health Service decided to conduct a study and lie to the participants that they were going to offer them cure to syphilis. The second disrespect shown was the discrimination in the study where only the blacks were selected. Lastly, the U.S. Public Health Service disrespected the participants perspicacious that it was dangerous.Therefore, the respect for person ethical principle was not meet in the movie Miss Evers Boys. Duty-based ethics are based on duty or obligation. Kant argues that there are higher principles that are good in no matter the time, situation, or culture. Therefore, when faced with an ethical dilemma, its of the essence(predicate) to know that we have a duty to meet. In this movie, the U.S. Public Health Service was faced with a situation which was the rising prevalence of people ugly from syphilis. However, the U.S. Public Health Service had an obligation to meet which was to find the cure of the disease without necessarily having to put people through so much perturb for 40 years.One thing that was very sad was the fact that even after discovering that penicillin could cure syphilis the U.S. Public Health Service did not give the sick black men. This led to the death of 160 people (B. Miss Evers Boys and the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 2013). Virtue-based ethics helps us in deciding the necessary actions to take depending on the kind of person we want to be. Here, the recognition of human dignity is very important. All humans have a right which is either positive or negative.The positive right means are those given to human beings while the negative rights are those human beings have and cannot be taken away from them. gentle dignity was not considered in the movie Miss Evers Boys. The black men had a positive right which was respect of their lives. This positive right was taken away from them by the U.S. Public Health Service (Houser, 2012). It will be right to, therefore, say that the virtue-based ethics principle was not met inthis movie. abbreviation

Leadership Study Essay

gesture 1 What is your opinion of Gerrys approach to evaluating the output of the rude(a)-product development group? While Gerry seems ready for fresh and new product views, his approach to evaluating ideas presented by Maria and the new-product development group is harsh and in my opinion put forth as disapproval vice shaping criticism. The team has been working hard and Gerrys comments, I get the impression that there is a lot of activity going on here, save it does not seem to be focused activity, would make me defensive and rather than listening to Gerry, Maria is probably thinking about how to respond to the snide comments and feedback. Gerry could deplete been more discretionful and should have been more supportive when turning down the teams ideas and putting Maria on the defensive. As a result, they are likely to encounter criticism as a personal attack on their self-worth.1 (DuBrin, 2013, p. 362) It would have been better in my opinion to say nothing or use tact in hi s approach and rather than criticize, he could have used it as a coaching opportunity and turned down Marias idea with constructive feedback.Question 2 Do you think that Maria is getting too sensitive to criticism? Gerrys comments are not constructive but rather criticism so, no, I dont think Maria is getting too sensitive to Gerrys criticism. Garth Laidlaw pointed out that new-product development is a precarious business and that 90 percent of new-product ideas never make it to the market shelves so Gerry shouldve expected some failures. I think Gerry should have come into the venture utilise what DuBrin calls a use loose-tight leadership style. Looseness refers to granting space for new ideas and exploration, whereas a tight approach means finally making a choice among the alternatives.2 (DuBrin, 2013, p. 365) figure is also enhanced when workers throughout the organization are able to purse absurd ideas without penalty for being wrong or for having wasted some resources.3 (DuB rin, 2013, p. 365)Question 3 How do constraints on creativity enter into this case? Gerry is not practicing transformational leadership and fostering an environment for change and inception. The executive office sees a deprivation for innovation, establishes a team and even places the team away from the corporate flag but I didnt see Gerry having a clear vision orproviding any type of guidance on the types of goods or sector that the new product development group should focusing their talents. Information about establishing a modality for creativity can be divided into (1) leadership and managerial practices for enhancing creativity and (2) methods for managing creative workers.4 (DuBrin, 2013, p. 357) Gerry wants innovation and creativity, provided resources but his rigid leadership style would hinder creativity in any organization. One should provide excellent tools and resources, give creative people flexibility, turn down ideas gently, and employ creative people to manage an d prise creative workers.5 (DuBrin, 2013, p. 366) The company seems focused on innovation for its own sake without a clear goal in mind, and Gerry is quick to criticize the ideas presented by the innovation team rather than recognizing opportunities in lemons. It takes a lot of lemons to make lemonade.

The Clash of Civilizations?

The Clash of Civilizations? It is Samuel Huntingtons opinion that conflict in the post-Cold War world would be caused by cultural differences, conflicts amongst nations and groups of different civilizations. In todays time, it is more common to group countries in terms of their civilization aspects, such as religion or culture, versus that of their economic systems. Huntington explained how interaction amongst the different civilizations will turn the world we live in and any conflicts will occur amongst the differences of each civilization. Huntington gives five reasons for his beliefs. The first reason is because civilizations are basic.The differences occur amongst traditions, culture, language, religion, etc. Secondly, civilizations are see increase interaction so quite a little are becoming more aware of those differences. Third, economic transformation and social change are changing how people view certain civilizations from the way they may have been viewed before. Fourth, the westward has caused an increase of more people being familiar of other civilizations. Fourth, the differences and characteristics of civilizations are less opaline those of one civilization cannot simply become part of another civilization. Finally, there is an increase in economic regionalism.Similar to the second point, there is an increase interaction amongst civilizations. commerce has increased, making people dependent upon other civilizations to lead to their success. Huntington uses the Cold War as the time period where the differences between civilizations would cause conflict, replacing the differences between governmental or ideological boundaries. Huntington breaks the world into major civilizations, The wolfram, Latin America, The Orthodox, The Eastern World, The Muslim World of the greater Middle East, The civilization of sub-Saharan Africa, Lone countries, and Cleft countries.Huntington explains how the West is a superpower compared to other civilizations and it is often reflected in global decisions, such as that of the International Monetary Fund, going in favor of the West. This allows the West to reign over the world, not only with their interests, but with their beliefs as well. As a result, there is conflict amongst the West and other civilizations. As we compare this article to todays world in 2012, I believe that issues that are arising are differences in civilization beliefs.Huntingtons hypothesis, in my opinion has been proven true. For example, The West believes in equality, freedom of speech, human rights, etc. Was that not the entire purpose for entering Iraq, to eliminate the power of Saddam Hussein, who did not have any beliefs of the Western ways? The West is truly a powerhouse who believes the world should operate as they do which I do not believe will change. Civilizations have held strong in their beliefs especially comparing The West to other civilizations, leaving tension amongst them.

Drama Analysis essay: The Death of a Salesman Essay

Linda Loman in the novel, Death of a Salesman, is strong woman who sacrificed her job for the happiness and success of her husband and family. The paper pull up stakes explain how Linda played an important role in the lives of her husband and sons. The character of Linda Loman in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman is a source of authority for umpteen people. A heart and soul of the Loman household, Linda is a woman torn between guiltiness, vengeance and misfortune. Although the novel gives a very bleak view of women, the Lindas character shows how a woman can give strength to a man.Lindas guiltiness can be seen from the fact that she prevented her husband, Willy Loman, from chasing his true American dream. Linda reacted in response to Willys failure and becomes apologetic for him, for the reason that Willy is a pitiful lone adventurer of the road (Miller 47) Throughout the novel Linda is seen as source of encouragement for Willy and never accepted defeat before him. When Linda fi rst appeared in the novel, she is portrayed as a woman who always obeys orders of her husband. Linda accepted Willys actions and his unexpected behaviors.In the beginning of the novel, even when Linda did not enter into the play, Authur Miller gave an impression that she is a victim. (Miller 12) It seems that Linda is either terrified by the Willys attitude or worried or so his weaknesses. For many people Lindas interference in the financial matters of Willy shows her greed. but many others see it differently. They argue that Linda was very conscious about the success of Willy and the financial health of their family. Linda played an important role in easing tension in the family, especially between Willy and his sons.And this shows her kindness. As Willy finds himself in confusion because of his clashes with his sons on many issues despite the fact that he loves them very much, Linda gives him solutions. She tells Willy that their son Biff is sad and disappointed. She said Biff is trying to find himself. Hes crestfallen if he finds himself, then youll both be happier (Miller 15). Linda who surrenders her own joy for the happiness of her husband has loyalty for him. She blames herself for every unkind things Willy do to her.She has become so familiar to the mental abuse freely dished out by her husband that she has come to consider it acceptable behavior and rationalize it by telling herself that she is not noteworthy of good treatment. Willy has no approve for Linda. He snaps at Linda when she makes harmless comments. He insulted her on many occasion. Stop interrupting (64), Will you allow me talk? (64), and Will you let me finish, woman? (Miller 67). But what shows the strength of Linda is that she comes to defend Willy when their sons try to offend him. She is still nice with her husband and tells the boys to make Willy happy.For many critics it is evident that Linda has become so desensitized by Willys comments over the years that they have becom e almost common nature to her. But some critics see it differently and termed it Lindas strength. They argue that Linda is limit to tolerate all these things for the sake of her familys unification and for success of her husband. Despite the fact that the sons do not like their father, Linda on many occasions in the novel is seemed trying to assure Willy of his importance. And the boys, Willy. Few men are idolized by their children the way you are. (Miller 37).For improving the confidence of Willy, Linda gives him the impression that their sons have great respect for their father. In this way she compels herself to live a smell that she knows is not factual. Many people believe that this is the strength of Lindas character because she tells lie to comfort a broken heart. Even after the death of Willy, Lindas respect for her husband does not come to an end. Although by killing himself Willy left Linda without a source of income, Linda blames herself for Willys death and while stan ding on his grave she says forgive me, dear (Miller 139).During all the years of their marriage, Linda remains a victim of Willys bad behavior. But her only aim was to serve Willy. She did everything to make him happy in his life although she knew that she would get only bad behavior in return. In conclusion, it can be said that Linda was a strong woman because she tolerated all bad things for the success of her family. Linda never lived just only a single day of her married life for herself. Her entire focus always remained on the happiness and success of her husband.Willy was undeserving of all the support his wife showed him. But, Linda remained loyal and was quick to forget all the scotch things done by Willy. While selflessness and forgiveness are good things, Linda become too extreme by destroying her own life, just to keep her poor husband happy. Works Cited Miller, Arthur. The Death of a Salesman Cardullo, Bert. Death of a Salesman and Death of a Salesman The Swollen Legac y of Arthur Miller. Available at http//www. columbia. edu/cu/cjas/june_miller. html

Confucian Philosophy Essay

2000 by Andre Levy All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any represent or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and playscripting, or by any information storage and recup geological eration system, without permission in. write from the publisher. The Association of American University Presses Resolution on Permissions constitutes the only exception to this prohibition. The paper workoutd in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American internal Standard for Information SciencesPermanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. Manu detailured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Levy, Andre, date La litterature chinoise ancienne et levelique. English Chinese books, past and classical / by Andre Levy translated by William H. Nienhauser, Jr. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-253-33656-2 (alk. paper) 1. Chinese belles-lettresHistory and critic ism. I. Nienhauser, William H. II. Title. PL2266. L48 2000 895. 109dc21 99-34024 1 2 3 4 5 05 04 03 02 01 00.For my declargon early translating programs of French, Daniel and Susan Con 10ts ix Preface 1 Introduction Chapter 1 antiqueness 5 I. Origins II. Let a century flowers bloom, Let a hundred schools of thought contend 1. Mo zi and the Logicians 2. Legalism 3. The Fathers of Taoism III. The Confucian Classics 31 Chapter 2 Prose I. Narrative Art and Historical Records II. The Re play of the antediluvian patriarch Style III. The Golden Age of lowly Literature IV. Literary Criticism Chapter 3 song 61 I. The Two Sources of Ancient Poetry 1.The Songs of Chu 2. Poetry of the Han Court II. The Golden Age of Chinese Poetry 1. From Aesthetic Emotion to Metaphysical Flights 2. The Age of Maturity 3. The Late Tang III. The Triumph of Genres in Song Chapter 4 Literature of Entertainment The freshly(a) and dramatic art 105 I. Narrative Literature Written in simple Chinese II. The T heater 1. The Opera-theater of the North 2. The Opera-theater of the South III. The Novel 1. Oral Literature 2. Stories and Novellas 3. The Long Novel or Saga Index 151 Translators Preface.I archetypical became- interested in translating Andre Levys history of Chinese literature, La litterature chinoise ancienne et classique (Paris Presses Universitaires de France, 1991), in 1996, after(prenominal)(prenominal) finding it in a bookshop in Paris. I read sections and was intrigued by Professor Levys approach, which was modeled on literary genres sooner than political eras. I immediately thought almost translating parts of the book for my graduate History of Chinese Literature class at the University of Wisconsin, a class in which the importance of dynastic change was also downplayed. Like many plans, this ace was set aside.Last spring, however, when the panel on our fields desiderata headed by David Rolston at the 1998 Association for Asian Studies Meeting pronounced that one of the major needs was for a concise history of Chinese literature in about 125 pages (the exact length of Professor Levys original text), I revived my interest in this description. I proposed the book to John Gallman, music director of Indiana University Press, and John approved it almost immediately- further, not before warning me that this kind of project can take much more time than the translator originally envisions.Although I respect Johns experience and knowledge in publishing, I was sure I would prove the exception. After all, what kind of disconcert could a little book of 125 pages cause? I soon base out. Professor Levy had originally written a much endless manuscript, which was to be published as a supplementary volume to Odile Kaltenmark-Ghequiers La Litterature chinoise (Paris Presses Universitaires de France, 1948) in the Que sais-je? (What Do I Know? ) series.This concept, however, was soon abandoned, and it Several decades past Anne-Marie Geoghegan translated this volume as Chinese Literature (New York Walker, 1964). x Translators Preface was decided to publish the Levy appendix as a disrupt volume-in 125 pages. Professor Levy was then asked to vamoose his manuscript by one-third. As a result, he was just abouttimes forced to presume in his auditory sense certain knowledge that some readers of this book-for example, undergraduate students or interested parties with little background in Chinese literature-may not have.For this reason, working cargonfully with Professor Levy, I have added (or revived) a number of contextual sentences with these readers in mind. More information on many of the authors and works discussed in this history can be found in the entries in The Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature (volumes 1 and 2 Bloomington Indiana University Press, 1986 and 1998). Detailed references to these entries and other relevant studies can be found in the Suggested Further Reading sections at the end of each chapter (whe re the abbreviated reference Indiana Companion refers to these two volumes).I also spy that re-translating Professor Levys French translations of Chinese texts sometimes resulted in renditions that were too far from the original, even in this age of distance education. So I have translated almost all of the more than 120 excerpts of original works directly from the original Chinese, using Professor Levys French versions as a guide wherever possible. All this was done with the blessing and cooperation of the author. Indeed, among the many quite a little who helped with this translation, I would like to especially thank Professor Andre Levy for his unintimidated interest in and support of this translation.Professor Levy has read much of the English version, including all passages that I knew were problematic (there are no doubt others ), and offered comments in a long series of letters bothplace the past few months. Without his assistance the translation would never have been co mpleted. Here in Madison, a one-third of graduate students have helped me with questions Translators Preface xi about the Chinese texts Mr. Cao Weiguo riftlal, Ms. Huang Shuyuang MV and Mr. Shang Cheng I*.They saved me E, from innumerable errors and did their work with interest and senior high spirits. Mr. Cao also helped by pointing out problems in my interpretation of the original French. Mr. Scott W. Galer of Ricks College read the entire manuscript and offered a number of invaluable comments. My wife, Judith, was unrelenting in her demands on behalf of the general reader. The most careful reader was, however, Jane Lyle of Indiana University Press, who painstakingly copy-edited the text. If there is a literary style to this translation, it is due to her efforts.My thanks, too, to the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation which supported me in Berlin by the summer of 1997 when I first read Professor Levys text, and especially to John Gallman, who stood behind this project from the beginning. Madison, Wisconsin, 16 February 1999 (Lunar New yrs Day) Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical Introduction Could one still write, as Odile Kaltenmark-Ghequier did in 1948 in the What Do I Know series subroutine 296, which preceded this book, that the study of Chinese literature, long neglected by the Occident, is still in itsinfancy? Yes and no.There has been some spectacular progress and some foundering. At any rate, beginning at the start of the twentieth century, it was Westerners who were the first- discovered by the Japanese, before the Chinese themselves-to produce histories of Chinese literature. Not that the Chinese tradition had not interpreted note of an evolution in literary genres, but the prestige of wen 5 signifying some(prenominal) literature and civilization, placed it above history-anthologies, compilations, and catalogues were preferred.Moreover, the popular side of literature-fiction, drama, and ad-lib verse-because of its lack of seriousness or its vulgarity, was not judged dignified enough to be considered wen. Our goal is not to add a new work to an already lengthened list of histories of Chinese literature, nor to supplant the excellent summary by Odile Kaltenmark-Ghequier which had the impossible task of surrendering a history of Chinese literature in about a hundred pages. Our desire would be rather to complement the list by presenting the reader with a different approach, one more concrete, less dependent on the dynastic chronology.Rather than a history, it is a picture-inevitably incompleteof Chinese literature of the past that this little book offers. Chinese high literature is establish on a hard core of classical training consisting of the memorization of texts, nearly a half-million characters for every candidate who reaches the highest competitive examinations. We might see the classical art of writing as the arranging, in an appropriate and astute formulate, of lines recalled by memory, something ,Odile K altenmark-Ghequier, Introduction, La litterature chinoise (Paris Presses Universitaires de France, 1948), p. 5Que saisje, no. 296. 2 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical that came almost automatically to traditionalistic Chinese intellectuals. The goal of these writers was not solely literary. They hoped through their writings to earn a reputation that would help them find support for their efforts to pass the imperial civil-service examinations and thereby eventually win a position at court.Although there were earlier tests leading to political advancement, the system that existed nearly until the end of the imperial period in 1911 was cognize as the jinshi A or presented scholar examination (because successful candidates were presented to the emperor), and was developed during the late seventh and early eighth centuries A. D. It required the writing of song and essays on themes set by the examiners. Successful candidates were then given minor positions in the bureaucracy.T hus the memorization of a huge corpus of earlier literature and the ability to compose on the spot became the major qualifications for political office through most of the period from the eighth until the early twentieth centuries. These examinations, and literature in general, were composed in a classical, standard language comparable to Latin in the West. This classical language persisted by opposing writing to speech through a sort of partial bilingualism. The strict proscription of vulgarisms, of elements of the spoken language, from the examinations has helped to maintain the purity of classical Chinese.The spoken language, also labeled vulgar, has produced some literary monuments of its own, which were recognised as such and qualified as classics only a few decades ago. The unity of the two languages, classical and vernacular, which share the same fundamental structure, is undermined by grammars that are appreciably different, and by the fact that these languages hold to diame trically opposed stylistic ideals lapidary concision on the one hand, and eloquent vigor on the other.We answer by pointing out that educated Chinese add to their sur chance ons, which are always given first, a smashing variety of personal names, which can be abash at times. The standard given name (ming Introduction 3 is often avoided out of decorum thus Tao Qian Miff is often referred to En We will hold back only the by his zi (stylename) as Tao Yuanming lift out known of these names, avoiding hao at (literary name or nickname), bie hao ZIJM (special or particular literary name), and shi ming (residential name) whenever possible When other names are use, the standard ming will begiven in parentheses.The goal here is to enable the reader to form an idea of traditional Chinese literature, not to arrange a history of it, which might result in a lengthy catalogue of works largely unknown today. We are compelled to sacrifice quantity to present a limited number of literary stars, and to reduce the listing of their works to allow the citation of a number of previously unpublished translations, inevitably abridge but sufficient, we hope, to evoke the content of the original.The chronological approach will be handled somewhat roughly because of the need to follow the development of the great literary genres after the presentation of antiquity, the period in which the jet culture of the educated elite was established, comes an examination of the prose genres of high classical literature, then the description of the art most honored by the literati, poetry. The final section treats the literature of diversion, the most discredited but nonetheless highly prized, which brings together the novel and the theater.Chapter 1. Antiquity Ancient literature, recorded by the scribes of a rapidly evolving warlike and aristocratic society, has been carefully preserved since earliest times and has become the basis of Chinese lettered culture. It is with this in mind that one must approach the evolution of literature and its role over the course of the two-thousand-year-old imperial government, which collapsed in 1911, and attempt to understand the importance (albeit increasingly limited) that ancient literature retains today.The term antiquity applied to China posed no problems until certain Marxist historians went so far as to suggest that it ended only in 1919. The indigenous tradition had placed the break well-nigh 211 B. C. , when political unification brought about the establishment of a centralized but prefectural government under the Legalists, as well as the famous burning of books opposed to the Legalist state ideology. Yet to suggest that antiquity ended so early is to minimize the component part of Buddhism and the transformation of thought that took place between the third and seventh centuries.The hypothesis that modernity began early, in the eleventh or perhaps twelfth century in China, was developed by Naito Konan NAM 1 (1866-1934). Thi s idea has no want of critics or of supporters. It is opposed to the accepted idea in the West, conveyed by Marxism, that China, a living fossil, has incomplete entered modern times nor participated in the global civilization that started with the Opium War of 1840.Nor is there unanimity concerning the periodization proposed in historical linguistics, a periodization which distinguishes Archaic Chinese of High Antiquity (from the origins of language to the third century) from Ancient Chinese of Mid-Antiquity (sixth to twelfth centuries), then Middle Chinese of the Middle Ages (thirteenth-sixteenth centuries) from Modern Chinese (seventeenth-nineteenth centuries), and Recent Chinese (18401919) from Contemporary Chinese (1920 to the present). 6 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical.In the area of literature, the beginning of the end of antiquity could perhaps be placed in the second century A. D. archeology has elevated our knowledge of more ancient writings toward the beginning of the second millennium B. C. , but this archaic period, discovered recently, cannot be considered part of literary birthright in the strictest sense. Accounts of this archaic period are traditionally divided into six eras,2 but to honor them would be to fall into the servitude of a purely chronological approach.I. Origins Since the pull round year of the last century, when Wang Yirong . 1. 6M (1845-1900) compiled the first collection of inscriptions written on bones and shells, the increasing number of archaeological discoveries has allowed the establishment of a corpus of nearly 50,000 inscriptions extending over the period from the fourteenth to the tenth centuries before our era. Dong Zuobin (1895-1963) proposed a periodization for them and distinguished within them the styles of different schools of scribes.Scholars have managed to decipher a third of the total of some 6,000 distinct signs, which are clearly related to the system of writing used by the Chinese today-these wer e certainly not primitive forms of characters. The oracular inscriptions are needs short-the longest known text, of a hundred or so characters, covers the scapula of an ox and extends even over the supporting bones the shell of a southern species of the great tortoise, also used to record divination, did not offer a more extensive surface.Whether a literature existed at this ancient time seems rather doubtful, but this scriptural evidence causes one to consider whether eras are the early Chou dynasty (eleventh century-722 B. C. ), the Spring and Autumn era (722-481 B. C. ), the Warring States (481-256 B. C. ), the Chin dynasty (256-206 B. C. ), the Western or Early Han dynasty (206 B. C. -A. D. 6), and the Eastern or Latter Han dynasty (25-A. D. 220). 2These Chapter 1. Antiquity 7 the Shu jing Efg (Classic of Documents), supposedly revised by Confucius but often criticized as a spurious text, was based in part on authentic texts.The presence of an early sign representing a bundle of slips of wood or bamboo confirms the existence of a primitive form of book in a very ancient era-texts were written on these slips, which were then bound together to form a fascicle. The purpose of these ancient archives, which record the motivation for the diviners speech, his identity, and sometimes the result, has been ignored. Of another nature are the inscriptions on bronze that appeared in about the eleventh century B. C. and went out of fashion in the second century B.C.They attracted the attention of amateur scholars from the eleventh century until modern times. Many collections of inscriptions on stone and bronze have been published in the intervening eras. The longest texts extend to as much as five-hundred signs, the forms of which often seem to be more archaic than those of the inscriptions on bones and shells. The most ancient inscriptions indicate nothing more than the person to whom the bronze was consecrated or a commemoration of the name of the sponsor.Toward th e tenth century B. C. the texts evolved from several dozen to as many as a hundred signs and took on a commemorative character. The inspiration for these simple, solemn texts is not always easily discernible because of the obscurities of the archaisms in the language. An iterate of certain pieces transmitted by the Confucian school can be seen in some texts, but their opacity has disheartened many generations of literati. II. Let a hundred flowers bloom, Let a hundred schools of thought contend This statement by Mao Zedong, made to launch a liberalization movement that was shrink short in 1957, was inspired by an exceptional period in Chinese cultural history (from the fifth to the third centuries 8 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical B. C. ) in which there was a proliferation of schools-the hundred schools. The various masters of these schools offered philosophical, often political, discussion. The growth of these schools paralleled the rise of vie states from the time of Confucius (the Latinized version of the Chinese original, Kong Fuzi TL-T- or Master Kong, ca. 551-479 B.C. ) to the end of the Warring States period (221 B. C. ). The hundred schools came to an end with the unification of China late in the third century B. C. under the Legalist rule of the Qin dynasty (221-206 B. C. ). This era of freedom of thought and intellectual exchange never completely ceased to offer a model, albeit an unattainable model, in the search for an alternative to the oppressive ideology impose by the centralized state. Much of what has reached us from this lost world was saved in the wake of the reconstruction of Confucian writings (a subject to which we will turn shortly).The texts of the masters of the hundred schools, on the periphery of orthodox literati culture, are of uneven quality, regardless of the doctrine they offer. Even the best, however, have not come close to dethroning the Chinese Socrates, Confucius, the first of the great thinkers, in both chron ology and importance. 1. Mo Zi and the Logicians.The work known as Mo Zi (Master Mo) is a collection of the writings of a sect founded by Mo Di g, an obscure personage whom scholars have wanted to make a contemporary of Confucius. It has been hypothesized that the name Mo, ink, referred to the tattooing ofa convict in antiquity, and the given name, Di, indicates the pheasant feathers that decorated the hats of the common people.Although we can only speculate about whether Mo Zi was a convict or a commoner, he argued for a kind of bellicose pacifism toward aggressors, doing his best to promote, through a utilitarian process of reasoning, the necessity of believing in the gods and of practicing universal love without discrimination. Condemning the extravagant expense of funerals as well as the uselessness of art and music, Mo Zi Chapter 1. Antiquity 9 wrote in a style of discouraging weight.The work that has come down to us under his name (which appears to be about two-thirds of the o riginal text) represents a direction which Chinese civilization explored without ever prizing. Mo Zis mode of argument has influenced many generations of logicians and sophists, who are known to us only in fragments, the main contribution of which has been to demonstrate in their curious way of argumentation peculiar features of the Chinese language. Hui Shi Ea is known only by the thirty-some paradoxes which the incomparable Zhuang Zi cites, without attempting to solve, as in There is nothing beyond the Great Infinity.. . and the Small Infinity is not inside. The antinomies of reason have nourished Taoist thought, if not the other way around, as Zhuang Zi attests after the death of his friend Hui Shi Zhuang Zi was accompanying a funeral procession. When he passed by the grave of Master Hui he turned around to say to those who were following him A fellow from Ying had spattered the tip of his nose with a bit of plaster, like the wing of a fly. He had it removed by his crony the carp enter Shi, who took his ax and twirled it around. He cut it off, then heard a wind the plaster was entirely removed without scratching his nose.The man from Ying had remained standing, impassive. When he erudite of this, Yuan, the milkweed butterfly of the country of Song, summoned the carpenter Shih and said to him, Try then to do it again for Us. The carpenter responded, Your servant is capable of doing it however, the material that he made use of died long ago. After the death of the Master, I too no longer can find the material I no longer have anyone to tittle-tattle to. (Zhuang Zi 24) Sons of the logicians and the sophists, the rhetoricians shared with the Taoists a taste for apologues.They opposed the Taoist solution of a 10 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical detached non-action, involved as they were in diplomatic combat. Held in contempt by the Confucians for their Machiavellianism, the Zhanguo ce Vg (Intrigues of the Warring States) remains the most representat ive work of the genre. It was reconstructed several centuries later by Liu Xiang gj 1-(4 (77-6 B. C. ), but the authenticity of these reassembled materials seems to have been confirmed by the discovery of parallel texts in a tomb at Mawang Dui gUttg in 1973.A great variety animates these accounts, both speeches and chronicles they are rich in dialogue, which cannot be represented by this single, although characteristic, anecdoteit is inserted without commentary into the intrigues (or slips) of the state of Chu The fairy of Wei offered the King of Chu a beautiful girl who gave him great satisfaction. Knowing how much the new woman pleased him, his wife, the queen, showed her the most intense affection. She chose clothes and baubles which would please her and gave them to her it was the same for her with rooms in the palace and bed clothes.In short, she gratified her with more attention than the king himself accorded her. He congratulated her for it a woman serves her husband through her carnal accumulation, and jealousy is her nature. Now, understanding how I love the new woman, my wife shows her more love than Iit is thus that the filial son serves his parents, that the loyal servant fulfills his duties toward his prince. As she knew that the king did not consider her jealous, the queen suggested to her rival The king appreciates your beauty. However, he is not that fond of your nose. You would do better to hide it when he receives you. Therefore, the new one did so when she saw His Majesty. The king asked his wife why his favorite hid her nose in his presence. She responded, I know. Even if it is unpleasant, tell me insisted the king. She does not like your odor. The brazen hussy cried the sovereign. Her nose is to be cut off, and let no one question my cast Chapter 1. Antiquity 11 The Yan Zi chunqiu *T-*V( (Springs and Autumns of Master Yen) is another reconstruction by Liu Xiang, a collection of anecdotes about Yan Ying RV, a man of small-scale sta ture but great ability who was prime government minister to Duke Jing of Qi (547-490 B.C. )-the state that occupies what is now Shandong.Without cynicism, but full of shrewdness, these anecdotes do not lack appeal some have often been selected as anthology pieces, of which this one is representative When Master Yan was sent as an ambassador to Chu, the people of the country constructed a little introduction next to the great one and invited him to enter. Yan Zi refused, declaring that it was suitable for an envoy to a country of dogs, but that it was to Chu that he had come on assignment. The chamberlain had him enter by the great gate.The King of Chu received him and said to him Was there then no one in Qi, for them to have sent you? How can you say there is no one in Qi, when there would be darkness in our capital of Linzi if the people of the three hundred quarters spread out their sleeves, and it would rain if they shook off their perspiration-so leaden is the cosmos. But then why have you been sent? The practice in Qi is to dispatch a worthy envoy to a worthy sovereign I am the most unworthy. . . . 2. Legalism.The diplomatic manipulations and other little anecdotes we have seen in the Yan Zi chunqiu were of little interest to the Legalists, who took their name from the idea that the hegemonic power of the state is founded on a system of implacable laws supposing the abolition of hereditary privileges-indeed a tabula rasa that rejects morals and traditions. In fact, historians associate them with all thought that privileges efficacy. From this point of view, the most ancient Legalist would be the artisan of Qis hegemony in the seventh century B. C. , Guan Zi (Master Guan).The work that was handed down under his name is a composite text and in reality contains no material prior to the third century B. C. Whether or not he should be considered a Legalist, Guan Zi 12 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical embodies the idea that the power of the stat e lies in its prosperity, and this in turn depends on the circulation of goods. In sum, Guan Zi stands for a proto-mercantilism diametrically opposed to the primitive physiocraticism of Gongsun Yang (altV (also known as Shang Yang ), minister of Qin in the fourth century.Shang jun shu 1 (The 2 Book of Lord Shang), which is attributed to Gongsun Yang, gives the Legalist ideas a particularly brutal form It is the nature of people to measure that which is advantageous to them, to get through the best, and to draw to themselves that which is profitable. The enlightened lord must take care if he wants to establish order in his country and to be able to turn the population to his advantage, for the population has at its disposal a great number of means to avoid the strictness that it fears.Within the country he must cause the people to consecrate themselves to farming without he must cause them to be singly devoted to warfare. This is why the order of a sage sovereign consists of multipl ying interdictions in order to prevent infractions and relying on force to put an end to fraud. (Shang jun shu, Suan di) Shang Yangs prose is laden with archaisms, which hardly lighten the weight of his doctrine. It is in the work of Han Fei Zi 4-T- (ca. 280-233) that Legalism found its most thoroughgoing(a) formulation.The book Han Fei Zi contains a commentary on the Classic of the Way and of Power of Lao Zi in which the ideal of Taoist non-action is realized by the automatism of laws. The artifice of the last mentioned may go back to the Confucianism of Xun Zi (Master Xun, also known as Xun Qing ,Ajja, ca. 300-230 B. C. ), a school rejected by orthodox Confucianism. Xun Zi, who happens to have been the teacher of Han Fei Zi, developed the vivid theory that human nature inclines individuals to satisfy their egoistic appetites it was therefore bad for advanced societies of the time. The rites-culture-are necessary for socialization.Xun Zis Chapter 1. Antiquity 13 argumentation wa s unprecedentedly elaborate, examining every facet of a question while avoiding repetition. In a scintillating style peppered with apologues, Han Fei Zi argues that the art of governing requires techniques other than the simple manipulation of rewards and punishments. The prince is the cornerstone of a system that is supposed to ensure him of a protective impenetrableness. The state must devote itself to eliminating the useless, noxious five parasites or vermin the scholars, rhetoricians, knights-errant, deserters, and merchants (perhaps even artisans).3. The Fathers of Taoism. A philosophy of evasion, this school was opposed to social and political engagement. From the outset Taoism was either a means to flee society and politics or a form of comforter for those who encountered reversals in politics and society. The poetic power of its writings, which denounced limits and aphorisms of reason, explains the fascination that it continues to hold for intellectuals educated through the rationalism of the Confucians. These works, like most of the others from antiquity that were attributed to a master, in fact seem to be rather disparate texts of a school.The Dao de jing ittitg (Classic of the Way and of Power) remains the most often translated Chinese workand the first translated, if one counts the lost translation into Sanskrit by the monk Xuanzang WM in the seventh century A. D. This series of aphorisms is attributed to Lao Zi (Master. Lao or The Old Master), whom tradition considers a contemporary of Confucius. He is said to have left this testament as he departed the Chinese world via the Xiangu Pass for the West.In their polemics against the Buddhists, the Taoists of the following millennium used this story as the basis on which to affirm that the Buddha was none other than their Chinese Lao Zi, who had been converting the barbarians of the West since his departure from China. Modern scholarship estimates that the Lao Zi could not date earlier than the third century B. C.The 1973 discoveries at Mawang Dui in Hunan confirmed what scholars had suspected for centuries the primitive Lao Zi is reversed in respect to 14 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classicalours a De dao jing 1,M1 (Classic of Power and the Way). Its style, which is greatly admired for its obscure concision, seems to owe much to the repair work of the commentator Wang Bi . T3 (226-249).Thus it is well-founded that the primitive Lao Zi was a work of military strategy. Whatever it was, the text that is preferred today runs a little over 5,000 characters and is divided into 81 sections (9 x 9). The Taoist attitude toward life is expressed here in admirably striking formulae, which lend themselves to many esoteric interpretations He who knows does not speak he who speaks does not know (56).Govern a great state as you would fry small fish (60). Practice non-action, attend to the useless, taste the flavorless. (63) The Zhuang Zi ate, written by Zhuang Zhou 4. -B1 or Zhuang Zi (M aster Zhuang), was apparently abridged at about the same time as the Lao Zi, but at the hands of the commentator Guo Xiang -IM (d. 312), who cut it from fifty-two to thirty-three sections. Scholars cannot agree whether the seven initial sections, called the inner chapters, are from the same hand of Zhuang Zhou as the sixteen following, called the outer chapters, and the final ten miscellaneous chapters. It is in the final ten that we find a characteristic arrangement of reconstructions from the first century, works of one school attributed to one master. In fact, it is the first part which gives the most lively impression of an encounter with an animated personality whose mind is strangely vigorous and disillusioned Our life is limited, but knowledge is without limit. To follow the limitless with that which is limited will exhaust one. To go unrelentingly after knowledge is exhausting and c.

Misrepresentation of african american women Essay

Afri tramp American women feel historically been viewed as hyper- informal creatures, out-of-pocket to unique anatomic features not often seen in other races. This hyper- informalized view of ghastly women dates back as early as the days of slavery when European imperialists traveled to Africa and were excessively intrigued by (and abashedly attracted to) the women in the tribes. Europeans were in awe of the manikin of African women, comparable to none, as well as their dancing and traditional garments.Europeans unfamiliarity with a trunk type that is not unusual amongst African women resulted in a projection of hyper-sexuality onto Black women that did not real exist and has been hard for Black women around the world to rid themselves of. Saartjie Sara Baartman, also known as the Hottentot Venus, became the blueprint for degrading and humiliating the Black woman on a worldwide level. Saartjie Baartman was a South African born woman who was enslaved by a Dutch farmer near the city of Cape Town.Her see was set abouted by traveling Europeans to travel to Europe to attain her bole examined and put on display. In 1810, Saartjies master informed her that she would be free and assume fortune and fame in order to persuade her to bring out his plantation for the sideshow act she would unknowingly become in. It was this promise that led to Saartjies willingness to travel to Europe. Saartjie traveled to England and upon her arrival, she was set on public display, often times in a cage, so her large buttocks and pinhead could be ob coifd by hundreds of curious Englishman.These invasive spectators were recorded as laughing at her, art her pre angles, and throwing items at her. Saartjies personate was so spectacular and strange to Europeans that medical students were able to use her for scientific research. She was again sold from England to a French circus to dance in the nude as delight and was one the main attractions. Saartjie never enjoyed the freedo m she was promised and turned to alcohol to cope with her humiliation and entered prostitution to fight her when she was no longer necessary as a side show attraction.She died in 1815, further five-spot years after her arrival to Europe. Saartjies humiliation did not end with her death. She died of unidentified disease in France and her body was turned over to a museum. Her brain, vagina, and her skeleton were removed from her body, preserved and put on display. Her frameless body was then preserved in such a flair that she stood erect as well. Her body was razetually buried in France but the parts removed from her body remained on display in a French museum until 1974. The displays were removed that year and replaced with casts of Saartjies confiscated body parts.Saartjie Baartmans humiliating enslavement marks the get down of the Black womans degradation. She could be considered the first video-vixen model. However, culture has changed such that women willingly dance erot ically while scantily clad or totally nude, whereas Saartjie was forced. This willingness has transformed the way the Black woman is viewed and the way the Black woman views herself. The manner in which Saartjie Baartman was treated is indicative of European attitudes closely Black women and African standards of beauty.Saartjie was renowned for her physique, which Europeans responded to Saartjie as an object with disgust, intrigue, sexual attraction, and condescension. The removal of her organs indicates a perverse obsession with the body of the African woman. This attitude about the Black womans body has persisted, taking on clean faces as culture changes and pop culture emerged. Media images of Black women surrender long been degrading, unflattering, and/or extreme. Black women have specific functional roles in the media typically and most often as Jezebel, Mammie, and the welf be mom.The Jezebel stereotype of the hyper-sexual, manipulative Black woman is much prevalent and mo re widely seen in the media from television, movies, magazines, and medication videos. It is the Jezebel who is the African American woman who is not ashamed to take off her clothes in exchange for things she may need. The music industry especially popularizes strippers and video models as an acceptable and desirable occupation for a Black woman. not only do majority of hip- vamoose lyrics degrade women to the lowest level that a woman can be degraded, but the music videos take special care to degrade the glum woman even more.Rap music videos depict a false image of what a real woman looks akin in reality music videos have gotten so raunchy they might as well be pornography, presending a hyper-sexual depiction of women that distorts and demeans the image of black women in particular. Even in the tamer videos, women might as well be prostitutes. They are objects, part of the bling-bling, wish the platinum chains and diamonds sported by rappers (Daily Review 7/4/04).It is just in this way that Saartjie Baartman was displayed and responded to and it is in the way Black women have been consistently considered as objects of sexual exploitation. Hip jump music has become explosively popular in the US and a good deal of the rest of the world in the last twenty years. Hip hops music influences larger inn in reasonful ways and has become a subculture that has transcended race, socioeconomics, and gender. Its popularity and ability to transcend across many complaisant lines that are usually impenetrable is the biggest threat to the perception of Black women by others and by themselves.When leaders like President Barack Obama and other prominent politicians recognition lines from popular rap songs, they are often received with wonderment and excitement by the media and larger public. Such a response from a pop culture reference reveals hip hop musics ability to influence culture on a declamatory level. Hip hop music is an industry run by men, with overwhelmi ngly male artists who provide amusement for other men. In this understanding of the industry, the images of women presented through this massively popular music are exclusively elect by men.Additionally, hip hop music tends to sell a lifestyle and not just a song or beats. As was previously discussed in the quote from Daily Review, expensive material things and several(prenominal) beautiful and naked women are things to achieve and obtain. An object is for use of some kind and the hip hop music industry has single handedly crystallized the developing notion that women in general are objects for sexual pleasure exclusively. This idea is particularly harmful for Black women and girls in the face of a media that has very fewer other images of Black women. washrag women are of course objectified and hyper-sexualized in the same manner, but the damage of such objectification is buffered by other images of a range of professional White women, heroines in film and television, prominent W hite actresses, politicians, businesswomen, journalists, etc Historically, white women, as a category, were portrayed as models of self-respect, self-control, and modesty even sexual purity, but black women were often portrayed as innately promiscuous, even predatory. This depiction of black women is signified by the name Jezebel (Pilgram, 2002).Black women and girls have very few other images to measure themselves against or look to for motivation or encouragement. These permeating images of the Black woman as a promiscuous and manipulative Jezebel juxtaposed with the lack of other, more positive images, is extremely damaging to the Black womans self-esteem. These images also inform others of how to perceive and finally treat Black women, which is further corrosive to the Black womans self-esteem. As if the power that images tend to have on the human psyche were not enough, hip hop music also incorporates lyrics that oppose to the tone of disrespect for Black women.Negative epi thets that refer to a womans sexual and well-disposed behavior like ho and bitch are common, frequent, and acceptable in hip hop lyrics and serve to further denigrate Black women. Often, rappers and fans alike make excuses for the disturbing images and lyrics featured in songs and videos, expressing that the women featured in the videos are working of their own volition and are not being objectified. While the women of these videos are combat-ready of their own volition, the degrading lyrics and the degrading images are not negated just because the women are choosing to participate.The message being sent is still clear and ubiquitous Black women are objects of sexual gratification that do not have to be spoken to or spoken of as human beings. Viewers are influenced by these images and lyrics and are encouraged to develop erroneous ideas about and monolithic perception of Black women. Additionally, because other, more positive images of Black women are missing in the media, viewers are left with little real information about the Black womans experience, life, and character.Hip hop music has also set the standard of show for female rappers as well. womanly rappers who have debuted in the last 20 years invoke the power the same sexual images and presentations as the male rappers do. More recent female rap artists like Nikki Minaj have amplified the hyper-sexual stereotype about Black women with her sexually charged lyrics, provocative style of dress, and various implants to enlarge her breasts and buttocks, sounding not unlike Saartjie Baartman and the many beautiful women of Africa.Artists who pre-date Nikki Minaj, like Lil Kim and Foxy Brown, debuted in a similar fashion, employ their sexuality through lyrics and risque media poses in which they were almost always scantily clad, to propel their careers. These female rappers only serve to further push the music industrys agenda to denigrate women, Black women in particular, by buying into and proudly displ aying the very stereotypical behaviors that function to keep hyper-sexualized images of Black women in the minds of viewers. Female rappers serve the same purpose as those women dancing in hip hop videos to push the sexual agenda of a sexist music industry.However, the message delivered through female rappers is pronounced solely due to the fact that the artist is a female who is promoting a hegemonic patriarchal message. The sexual nature of hip hop in general is made more acceptable if the objects of sexual exploitation, women, also become hip hop stars. Lastly, the current female hip hop stars are adopting images of beauty from childhood icons such as Barbie, as is the case with Nikki Minaj. The adaptation of Barbie for the purpose of hip hop is a clear indication that there is an agenda to capture all viewers minds to believe the images they are presented with about Black women.The most effectual approach to challenging the erroneous and negative images of Black women in the med ia is for those who are aware and knowledgeable to expose the falsehoods of the pervasive stereotypes and ideas about Black women. Bibliography Frith, Susan. Searching for Sara Baartman. Johns Hopkins Magazine, June 2009. http//www. jhu. edu/jhumag/0609web/sara. html (accessed April 20, 2013). The Hottentot Venus. Accessed April 22, 2013. http//whgbetc. com/mind/hottentot_venus_emory. html. Payton, Brenda. Sorority Sisters Combat Explotiative Rap Images. Daily Review (Hayward, CA). 4 July 2004. Pilgrim , David.Jezebel. Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia. . http//www. ferris. edu/jimcrow/jezebel. htm (accessed April 23, 2013). Clemlyn-Ann , Pollydore, and Jennifer A. Richeson. Affective Reactions of African-American Students to Stereotypical and Counterstereotypical Images of Blacks in the Media.. Journal of Black Psychology. no. 3 (2002) 261-275. Simmonds, Felly Nkweto.Shes Gotta Have It The Representation of Black Female Sexuality on Film. Feminist Review. (1988) 10-22. ht tp//www. jstor. org/ clutch/10. 2307/1395143? uid=3739936&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21102132644181 (accessed April 22, 2013).

Plato’s Attack on Poetry

PoetryIn order to understand Platos attack on verse we have to hold back in consideration the political and social context of Athens at that beat. It was the context where Plato devoted solely his efforts to uplift the moral condition of the individuals and the well being of the state. The aim of his literary criticism was to educate the spring chicken and form them into solid citizens of his ideal state. It was the age of political decline and the moral and educational standard of the citizens were in a poor state.The epics of Homer were very much rooted in every sphere of the society, and the act upon of the poets on the society was too deep. Plato being a philosopher, to prove the superiority of the philosophy, he severely attacked poetry. asunder from poetry he criticized every new(prenominal) form of wiles. Platos concepts on art were base parole his Theory of Ideas. He believed that ideas be the ultimate humankind. The ideas of everything are the original pattern a nd the things are the copies. So he viewed all forms of art as merely copies of copy, twice moved from reality.Things itself being imperfect and copies of the ideas, their re fruition in art must be more imperfect. He believed that the works of art takes man away from reality rather than leading to it. It neither helped to mould the character nor to promote the well being of the state. These were the basic principles underlined bottomland Platos critics on arts in general. Plato criticizes poetry in several of his dialogues, beginning with Apology, his head start work, and finis with Laws, his last. Platos critics on poetry are basically absorbed of two standards. The first concern was for the good of the individual and the state.Based on this standard he finds in poetry more to condemn it than approve. selfsame(prenominal) like his concepts about the other types of arts, his concepts about poetry overly was under severe critic ascribable to its unrealistic nature and its inc apacity to be worthy to the society and individual. He severely condemned the incapacity of the art forms to get in to the roots/ reality and being concerned with only the twice removed reality. This was the first standard he used to condemn the poetry and other art forms in general. He attacked poetry on four groundsmoral, turned on(p), intellectual and utilitarian.Poetic transportPoets does not write what he has opinion to say, scarcely because he is inspired. It means they do not compose the poem based on few righteousness and reason, but based on round impulses and non rational kind coming from supernatural source. A sudden outpouring of the soul based on the sudden impulse of the mo manpowert does not be based on reason. Hence their pronouncements are unreliable and uncertain. They are not safe guides and it cannot be followed, it also cannot make the individuals a better citizens and the state a better organization.There might be some truth in them, for they are divinel y inspired, but such partial and imperfect truths must be carefully examined. Such truths cannot use as substitute for familiarity based on reason. As the poems are based on the divinely inspired and comp permitely based on inspiration, sometimes the poets themselves cannot explain what they write. other aspect of poetry which he criticizes is, the imitation or blind reliance on the passionate elements of the soul. He Plato divides the soul into three parts (1) rational, (2) spirited, (3) appetitive. The imitation of the non rational part of the soul result give grater pleasure.The poets and the other artists imitates this baser, non rational part of the soul, and it leads them to away from reality and reason and become merely indulged in emotional outburst. The poets will be ashamed in their real life of the emotional over pouring which takes place during their poetical or other artistic performances. He condemns poetry in Republic X, for the poets, they feed and water the pass ions quite of drying them up, and let them rule instead of ruling them as they ought to be ruled, with a view to the happiness and virtue of mankind.Based on all these ideas he strongly condemned poetry and argued that poetry cannot take the place of philosophy. The emotional appeal of poetry Platos another charge against poetry is its appeal to the emotion. Being a ware of inspiration, it effects emotion rather than reason, the heart rather than intellect. Emotions being just impulses like the poetic inspiration it cannot be trusted and act as safe guide as reason. The poetry at the time of Plato was tragic, in which the weeping and wailing were indulged to move the hearts of the spectators. He says in the nation for f we let our own sense of pity grow strong by feeding upon the brokenheartednesss of others, it is not easy to preserve it in the case of our own sufferings. Non moral character. Platos another criticism against poetry is its lack of concern with morality. Poetry ( and drama) is not conducive to social morality as poets pander to the popular taste and severalize tales of mans pleasant vices. Poets tell lies about gods. Gods and their representative heroes are represented as corrupt, immoral and dishonest in the epics of the poets (especially of Homer). This pervert public taste and morality.Children tend to imitate the doings of gods and other heroes as told to them by their mothers, they invent their own conduct on what they read. It also hurt him to see virtue often coming to grief in the literature esteemed in his days epics of Homer, narrative verse of Hesiod and tragedies of Aeschylus and Euripides. He says in republic they give us to understand that many evil livers are happy and many righteous men unhappy. Plato attacks poetry on intellectual grounds as well poets have no knowledge of truth, for they imitate appearances and not the truth of things, illusions instead of reality.Poets, like painters, imitate the surface of things. Beyo nd the world of the senses on that point is another world, the world of ideal reality, where concepts, like truth, virtue, beauty, etc. , exist in an ideal form. Poetry is the product of futile ignorance. The poet who imitates without really knowing what he is imitating is demonstrating both his lack of useful purpose and his lack of knowledge. At last Plato says that no poetry should be admitted save hymns to the gods and panegyrics on famous men. The poets may be honoured, but they must be banished from his ideal state.